Valley-dependent exciton fine structure and Autler–Townes doublets from Berry phases in monolayer MoSe₂

The Berry phase of Bloch states can have profound effects on electron dynamics^1–3 and lead to novel transport phenomena, such as the anomalous Hall effect and the valley Hall effect^4–6. Recently, it was predicted that the Berry phase effect can also modify the exciton states in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, and lift the energy degeneracy of exciton states with opposite angular momentum through an effective valley-orbital coupling^1,7–11. Here, we report the observation and control of the Berry phase-induced splitting of the 2p exciton states in monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) using the intraexciton optical Stark spectroscopy. We observe the time-reversal-symmetric analogue of the orbital Zeeman effect resulting from the valley-dependent Berry phase, which leads to energy difference of +14 (−14) meV between the 2p₊ and 2p₋ exciton states in the K (K′) valley, consistent with the ordering from our ab initio GW-Bethe–Salpeter equation results. In addition, we show that the light–matter coupling between intraexciton states is remarkably strong, leading to a prominent valley-dependent Autler–Townes doublet under resonant driving. Our study opens up pathways to coherently manipulate the quantum states and excitonic excitation with infrared radiation in two-dimensional semiconductors.