Urinary Sucrose and Fructose From Spot Urine May Be Used as a Predictive Biomarker of Total Sugar Intake–Findings From a Controlled Feeding Study

Background: Recently, we confirmed 24-h urinary sucrose plus fructose (24 uSF) as a predictive biomarker of total sugar intake. However, the collection of 24-h urine samples has limited feasibility in population studies. Objective: We investigated the utility of the urinary sucrose plus fructose (uSF) biomarker measured in spot urine as a measure of 24 uSF biomarker and total sugar intake. Methods: Hundred participants, 18–70 y of age, from the Phoenix Metropolitan Area completed a 15-d feeding study. For 2 of the 8 collected 24-h urine samples, each spot urine sample was collected in a separate container. We considered 4 timed voids of the day [morning (AM) void: first void 08:30–12:30; afternoon (PM) void: first void 12:31–17:30; evening (EVE) void: first void 17:31–12:00; and next-day (ND) void: first void 04:00–12:00]. We investigated the performance of uSF from 1 void, and uSF combined from 2 and 3 voids as a measure of 24 uSF and sugar intake. Results: The biomarker averaged from PM/EVE void strongly correlated with 24 uSF (partial r = 0.75). The 24 uSF predicted from the PM/EVE combination was significantly associated with observed sugar intake and was selected for building the calibrated biomarker equation (marginal R² = 0.36). Spot urine-based calibrated biomarker, ie, biomarker-estimated sugar intake was moderately correlated with the 15-d mean-observed sugar intake (r = 0.50). Conclusions: uSF measured from a PM and EVE void may be used to generate biomarker-based sugar intake estimate when collecting 24-h urine samples is not feasible, pending external validation.