TY - JOUR
T1 - Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries
AU - Bade, Richard
AU - Rousis, Nikolaos
AU - Adhikari, Sangeet
AU - Baduel, Christine
AU - Bijlsma, Lubertus
AU - Bizani, Erasmia
AU - Boogaerts, Tim
AU - Burgard, Daniel A.
AU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU - Chappell, Andrew
AU - Covaci, Adrian
AU - Driver, Erin M.
AU - Sodre, Fernando Fabriz
AU - Fatta-Kassinos, Despo
AU - Galani, Aikaterini
AU - Gerber, Cobus
AU - Gracia-Lor, Emma
AU - Gracia-Marín, Elisa
AU - Halden, Rolf U.
AU - Heath, Ester
AU - Hernandez, Felix
AU - Jaunay, Emma
AU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU - Lee, Heon Jun
AU - Laimou-Geraniou, Maria
AU - Oh, Jeong Eun
AU - Olafsdottir, Kristin
AU - Phung, Kaitlyn
AU - Castro, Marco Pineda
AU - Psichoudaki, Magda
AU - Shao, Xueting
AU - Salgueiro-Gonzalez, Noelia
AU - Feitosa, Rafael Silva
AU - Gomes, Cezar Silvino
AU - Subedi, Bikram
AU - Löve, Arndís Sue Ching
AU - Thomaidis, Nikolaos
AU - Tran, Diana
AU - van Nuijs, Alexander
AU - Verovšek, Taja
AU - Wang, Degao
AU - White, Jason M.
AU - Yargeau, Viviane
AU - Zuccato, Ettore
AU - Mueller, Jochen F.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Author(s)
PY - 2023/5/1
Y1 - 2023/5/1
N2 - The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over recent years has made their surveillance complex. The analysis of raw municipal influent wastewater can allow a broader insight into community consumption patterns of NPS. This study examines data from an international wastewater surveillance program that collected and analysed influent wastewater samples from up to 47 sites in 16 countries between 2019 and 2022. Influent wastewater samples were collected over the New Year period and analysed using validated liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry methods. Over the three years, a total of 18 NPS were found in at least one site. Synthetic cathinones were the most found class followed by phenethylamines and designer benzodiazepines. Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, one plant based NPS (mitragynine) and methiopropamine were also quantified across the three years. This work demonstrates that NPS are used across different continents and countries with the use of some more evident in particular regions. For example, mitragynine has highest mass loads in sites in the United States, while eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone increased considerably in New Zealand and in several European countries, respectively. Moreover, 2F-deschloroketamine, an analogue of ketamine, has emerged more recently and could be quantified in several sites, including one in China, where it is considered as one of the drugs of most concern. Finally, some NPS were detected in specific regions during the initial sampling campaigns and spread to additional sites by the third campaign. Hence, wastewater surveillance can provide an insight into temporal and spatial trends of NPS use.
AB - The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over recent years has made their surveillance complex. The analysis of raw municipal influent wastewater can allow a broader insight into community consumption patterns of NPS. This study examines data from an international wastewater surveillance program that collected and analysed influent wastewater samples from up to 47 sites in 16 countries between 2019 and 2022. Influent wastewater samples were collected over the New Year period and analysed using validated liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry methods. Over the three years, a total of 18 NPS were found in at least one site. Synthetic cathinones were the most found class followed by phenethylamines and designer benzodiazepines. Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, one plant based NPS (mitragynine) and methiopropamine were also quantified across the three years. This work demonstrates that NPS are used across different continents and countries with the use of some more evident in particular regions. For example, mitragynine has highest mass loads in sites in the United States, while eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone increased considerably in New Zealand and in several European countries, respectively. Moreover, 2F-deschloroketamine, an analogue of ketamine, has emerged more recently and could be quantified in several sites, including one in China, where it is considered as one of the drugs of most concern. Finally, some NPS were detected in specific regions during the initial sampling campaigns and spread to additional sites by the third campaign. Hence, wastewater surveillance can provide an insight into temporal and spatial trends of NPS use.
KW - 3-methylmethcathinone
KW - Illicit drugs
KW - Monitoring
KW - Public health
KW - Wastewater analysis
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U2 - 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100179
DO - 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100179
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85153257455
SN - 2589-9147
VL - 19
JO - Water Research X
JF - Water Research X
M1 - 100179
ER -