The resilience work of institutions

Institutions make critical contributions to the resilience of infrastructures. We develop a framework for analyzing and classifying the diverse forms of work performed by institutions in support of infrastructure resilience: designing, building, operating, maintaining, and upgrading systems. The framework incorporates the kinds of resilience work done—constitutional, regulatory, and operational—the goals and strategies to which resilience work contributes, the temporal and spatial scales on which it occurs within infrastructure systems, and the forms of knowledge and uncertainties that characterize each. We illustrate this framework in a case study of water-energy nexus in Arizona.