@article{443ab84fad284ba7b21e5d1e538e922d,
title = "The changing norms of racial political rhetoric and the end of racial priming",
abstract = "We explore the conjecture that norms of racial rhetoric in US campaigns have shifted over the last several years. Prior work suggests that the way politicians talk about race affects the power of racial attitudes in political judgments. Racial priming theory suggests that explicit racial rhetoric—messages overtly hostile toward minorities—would be rejected. When race is cued subtly, however, the power of racial attitudes on issues is significantly enhanced. Replication attempts have recently failed. We identify two historically related shifts that lead us to expect that the effective distinction between explicit and implicit racial rhetoric has declined in recent years. Four nationally representative survey experiments strongly support our predictions: regardless of whether political messages are racially explicit or implicit, the power of racial attitudes is large and stable. Finally, many citizens recognize racially hostile content in political communications but are no longer angered or disturbed by it.",
author = "Valentino, {Nicholas A.} and Neuner, {Fabian G.} and Vandenbroek, {L. Matthew}",
note = "Funding Information: We are especially indebted to Kosuke Imai and Teppei Yamamoto for their work on the grant proposal that supported the data collection we report on here. We are also indebted to Adam Berinsky, Larry Bobo, Ted Brader, Vince Hutchings, Hakeem Jefferson, George Marcus, Tali Mendelberg, Robert Mickey, Marcus Prior, Melissa Sands, and participants at seminar series at the Center for the Study of Democratic Politics at Princeton University and the Center for Political Studies at the University of Michigan. Funding Information: Data and supporting materials necessary to reproduce the numerical results in the paper are available in the JOP Dataverse (https://dataverse.harvard.edu /dataverse/jop). An online appendix with supplementary material is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694845. All studies presented in the paper were approved by the IRB from the University of Michigan and the University of Texas when the first author was appointed there. This study was supported by a grant to the first author and Kosuke Imai of Princeton University from the Social Science Directorate, Political Science Division of the National Science Foundation (no. 0849858).",
year = "2018",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1086/694845",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "80",
pages = "757--771",
journal = "Journal of Politics",
issn = "0022-3816",
publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
number = "3",
}