Speech entrainment in adolescent conversations: A developmental perspective

Purpose: Defined as the similarity of speech behaviors between interlocutors, speech entrainment plays an important role in successful adult conversations. According to theoretical models of entrainment and research on motoric, cogni-tive, and social developmental milestones, the ability to entrain should develop throughout adolescence. However, little is known about the specific develop-mental trajectory or the role of speech entrainment in conversational outcomes of this age group. The purpose of this study is to characterize speech entrain-ment patterns in the conversations of neurotypical early adolescents. Method: This study utilized a corpus of 96 task-based conversations between adolescents between the ages of 9 and 14 years and a comparison corpus of 32 task-based conversations between adults. For each conversational turn, two speech entrainment scores were calculated for 429 acoustic features across rhythmic, articulatory, and phonatory dimensions. Predictive modeling was used to evaluate the degree of entrainment and relationship between entrainment and two metrics of conversational success. Results: Speech entrainment increased throughout early adolescence but did not reach the level exhibited in conversations between adults. Additionally, speech entrainment was predictive of both conversational quality and conversa-tional efficiency. Furthermore, models that included all acoustic features and both entrainment types performed better than models that only included individ-ual acoustic feature sets or one type of entrainment. Conclusions: Our findings show that speech entrainment skills are largely developed during early adolescence with continued development possibly occurring across later adolescence. Additionally, results highlight the role of speech entrainment in successful conversation in this population, suggesting the import of continued exploration of this phenomenon in both neurotypical and neurodivergent adolescents. We also provide evidence of the value of using holistic measures that capture the multidimensionality of speech entrainment and provide a validated methodology for investigating entrainment across multi-ple acoustic features and entrainment types.