@article{feb085bccd80434cabf4d949c2b3c632,
title = "SKYSURF-4: Panchromatic Hubble Space Telescope All-Sky Surface-brightness Measurement Methods and Results",
abstract = "The diffuse, unresolved sky provides most of the photons that the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) receives, yet remains poorly understood. The HST Archival Legacy program SKYSURF aims to measure the 0.2-1.6 μm sky surface brightness (sky-SB) from over 140,000 HST images. We describe a sky-SB measurement algorithm designed for SKYSURF that is able to recover the input sky-SB from simulated images to within 1% uncertainty. We present our sky-SB measurements estimated using this algorithm on the entire SKYSURF database. Comparing our sky-SB spectral energy distribution (SED) to measurements from the literature shows general agreements. Our SKYSURF SED also reveals a possible dependence on the Sun angle, indicating either nonisotropic scattering of solar photons off interplanetary dust or an additional component to zodiacal light. Finally, we update the diffuse light limits in the near-IR based on the methods from Carleton et al., with values of 0.009 MJy sr−1 (22 nW m−2 sr−1) at 1.25 μm, 0.015 MJy sr−1 (32 nW m−2 sr−1) at 1.4 μm, and 0.013 MJy sr−1 (25 nW m−2 sr−1) at 1.6 μm. These estimates provide the most stringent all-sky constraints to date in this wavelength range. SKYSURF sky-SB measurements are made public on the official SKYSURF website and will be used to constrain diffuse light in future papers.",
author = "Rosalia O{\textquoteright}Brien and Timothy Carleton and Windhorst, {Rogier A.} and Jansen, {Rolf A.} and Delondrae Carter and Scott Tompkins and Sarah Caddy and Cohen, {Seth H.} and Haley Abate and Arendt, {Richard G.} and Jessica Berkheimer and Annalisa Calamida and Stefano Casertano and Driver, {Simon P.} and Connor Gelb and Zak Goisman and Norman Grogin and Daniel Henningsen and Isabela Huckabee and Kenyon, {Scott J.} and Koekemoer, {Anton M.} and Darby Kramer and John Mackenty and Aaron Robotham and Steven Sherman",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge support for HST programs AR-09955 and AR-15810 provided by NASA through grants from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Work by R.G.A. was supported by NASA under award No. 80GSFC21M0002. Funding Information: All of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). This project is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and obtained from the Hubble Legacy Archive, which is a collaboration between the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI/NASA), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF/ESA), and the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC/NRC/CSA). Some image simulations were based on observations taken by the 3D-HST Treasury Program (GO 12177 and 12328) with the NASA/ESA HST, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",
year = "2023",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/acccee",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "165",
journal = "Astronomical Journal",
issn = "0004-6256",
publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",
number = "6",
}