TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk and protective factors across multiple microsystems associated with internalizing symptoms and aggressive behavior in rural adolescents
T2 - Modeling longitudinal trajectories from the rural adaptation project
AU - Smokowski, Paul R.
AU - Guo, Shenyang
AU - Evans, Caroline B R
AU - Wu, Qi
AU - Rose, Roderick A.
AU - Bacallao, Martica
AU - Stalker, Katie
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 American Orthopsychiatric Association.
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - The current study examined risk and protective factors across microsystems that impact the development of internalizing symptoms and aggression over 4 years in a sample of culturally diverse, rural adolescents. We explored whether risk and protective factors across microsystems were associated with changes in rates of internalizing symptoms and aggressive behavior. Data came from the Rural Adaptation Project (RAP), a 5-year longitudinal panel study of more than 4,000 students from 26 public middle schools and 12 public high schools. Three level HLM models were estimated to predict internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) and aggression. Compared with other students, risk for internalizing symptoms and aggression was elevated for youth exposed to risk factors in the form of school hassles, parent-child conflict, peer rejection, and delinquent friends. Microsystem protective factors in the form of ethnic identity, religious orientation, and school satisfaction decreased risk for aggression, but were not associated with internalizing symptoms, whereas future orientation and parent support decreased risk for internalizing symptoms, but not aggression. Results indicate that risks for internalizing symptoms and aggression are similar, but that unique protective factors are related to these adolescent behavioral health outcomes. Implications and limitations were discussed.
AB - The current study examined risk and protective factors across microsystems that impact the development of internalizing symptoms and aggression over 4 years in a sample of culturally diverse, rural adolescents. We explored whether risk and protective factors across microsystems were associated with changes in rates of internalizing symptoms and aggressive behavior. Data came from the Rural Adaptation Project (RAP), a 5-year longitudinal panel study of more than 4,000 students from 26 public middle schools and 12 public high schools. Three level HLM models were estimated to predict internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) and aggression. Compared with other students, risk for internalizing symptoms and aggression was elevated for youth exposed to risk factors in the form of school hassles, parent-child conflict, peer rejection, and delinquent friends. Microsystem protective factors in the form of ethnic identity, religious orientation, and school satisfaction decreased risk for aggression, but were not associated with internalizing symptoms, whereas future orientation and parent support decreased risk for internalizing symptoms, but not aggression. Results indicate that risks for internalizing symptoms and aggression are similar, but that unique protective factors are related to these adolescent behavioral health outcomes. Implications and limitations were discussed.
KW - Adolescence
KW - Aggression
KW - Internalizing symptoms
KW - Rural
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U2 - 10.1037/ort0000163
DO - 10.1037/ort0000163
M3 - Article
C2 - 26881984
AN - SCOPUS:84958025620
SN - 0002-9432
VL - 87
SP - 94
EP - 108
JO - American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
JF - American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
IS - 1
ER -