Primary and Secondary Gravity Waves and Large-Scale Wind Changes Generated by the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022: Modeling and Comparison With ICON-MIGHTI Winds

We simulate the primary and secondary atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) excited by the upward movement of air generated by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (hereafter “Tonga”) volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022. The Model for gravity wavE SOurce, Ray trAcing and reConstruction (MESORAC) is used to calculate the primary GWs and the local body forces/heatings generated where they dissipate. We add these forces/heatings to the HIgh Altitude Mechanistic general Circulation Model (HIAMCM) to determine the secondary GWs and large-scale wind changes that result. We find that a wide range of medium to large-scale secondary GWs with concentric ring structure are created having horizontal wind amplitudes of u′, v′ ∼ 100–200 m/s, ground-based periods of τ_r ∼ 20 min to 7 hr, horizontal phase speeds of c_H ∼ 100–600 m/s, and horizontal wavelengths of λ_H ∼ 400–7,500 km. The fastest secondary GWs with c_H ∼ 500–600 m/s are large-scale GWs with λ_H ∼ 3,000–7,500 km and τ_r ∼ 1.5–7 hr. They reach the antipode over Africa ∼9 hr after creation. Large-scale temporally and spatially varying wind changes of ∼80–120 m/s are created where the secondary GWs dissipate. We analyze the Tonga waves measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), and find that the observed GWs were medium to large-scale with c_H ∼ 100–600 m/s and λ_H ∼ 800–7,500 km, in good agreement with the simulated secondary GWs. We also find good agreement between ICON-MIGHTI and HIAMCM for the timing, amplitudes, locations, and wavelengths of the Tonga waves, provided we increase the GW amplitudes by ∼2 and sample them ∼30 min later than ICON.