TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and Candida among postmenopausal women in the United States
AU - Hoffmann, Joscelyn N.
AU - You, Hannah M.
AU - Hedberg, E. C.
AU - Jordan, Jeanne A.
AU - McClintock, Martha K.
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP): Wave 1 was supported by the National Institutes of Health including the National Institute on Aging (R01AG021487), the Office of Women’s Health Research, the Office of AIDS Research, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP): Wave 2 and Partner Data Collection was supported by the National Institute on Aging (R37AG030481; R01AG033903).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved.
PY - 2014/11/1
Y1 - 2014/11/1
N2 - Objectives: To describe the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Candida among community-dwelling postmenopausal women in the United States and determine their change with age, using estimates based on Waves 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP). Method: Self-administered vaginal swabs were collected in-home from women aged 57-85 (n = 1,016) in Wave 1 and again 5 years later in Wave 2 (n = 883). Gram-stained specimens were evaluated for BV using the Nugent score as well as presence of Candida. Results: BV was prevalent in 23% and 38% of postmenopausal women in Waves 1 and 2 and increased with age. Women initially categorized with BV in Wave 1 were more than 10 times as likely to be categorized with BV in Wave 2, relative risk ratio (RRR) = 10.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) (4.45-24.7); p <. 001, whereas women initially categorized as intermediate in Wave 1 were five times more likely to have a BV categorization, RRR = 5.0; 95% CI (2.56-9.75); p <. 001. Although the presence of Candida was similar in both waves (6% and 5%), its relationship with age only became evident in Wave 2, with odds of detecting Candida decreasing by 7% with each year of age, OR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88, 0.98); p =. 010. Discussion: In Wave 2, the prevalence of BV was higher and increased with age while the prevalence of Candida was low and declined with age. A 5-year age increase contributed to the prevalence change across waves. Methods refinements in Wave 2 improved the detection of BV and Candida and clarified their relationship with age.
AB - Objectives: To describe the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Candida among community-dwelling postmenopausal women in the United States and determine their change with age, using estimates based on Waves 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP). Method: Self-administered vaginal swabs were collected in-home from women aged 57-85 (n = 1,016) in Wave 1 and again 5 years later in Wave 2 (n = 883). Gram-stained specimens were evaluated for BV using the Nugent score as well as presence of Candida. Results: BV was prevalent in 23% and 38% of postmenopausal women in Waves 1 and 2 and increased with age. Women initially categorized with BV in Wave 1 were more than 10 times as likely to be categorized with BV in Wave 2, relative risk ratio (RRR) = 10.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) (4.45-24.7); p <. 001, whereas women initially categorized as intermediate in Wave 1 were five times more likely to have a BV categorization, RRR = 5.0; 95% CI (2.56-9.75); p <. 001. Although the presence of Candida was similar in both waves (6% and 5%), its relationship with age only became evident in Wave 2, with odds of detecting Candida decreasing by 7% with each year of age, OR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88, 0.98); p =. 010. Discussion: In Wave 2, the prevalence of BV was higher and increased with age while the prevalence of Candida was low and declined with age. A 5-year age increase contributed to the prevalence change across waves. Methods refinements in Wave 2 improved the detection of BV and Candida and clarified their relationship with age.
KW - Bacterial vaginosis
KW - Candida
KW - Population
KW - Postmenopause
KW - Self-collection
KW - Vaginal swab
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U2 - 10.1093/geronb/gbu105
DO - 10.1093/geronb/gbu105
M3 - Article
C2 - 25360022
AN - SCOPUS:84922480178
SN - 1079-5014
VL - 69
SP - S205-S214
JO - Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
JF - Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
ER -