@article{60b2f5b1dd6340da9b00e45bb8260e01,
title = "Population dynamics of rhesus macaques and associated foamy virus in Bangladesh",
abstract = "Foamy viruses are complex retroviruses that have been shown to be transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans. In Bangladesh, infection with simian foamy virus (SFV) is ubiquitous among rhesus macaques, which come into contact with humans in diverse locations and contexts throughout the country. We analyzed microsatellite DNA from 126 macaques at six sites in Bangladesh in order to characterize geographic patterns of macaque population structure. We also included in this study 38 macaques owned by nomadic people who train them to perform for audiences. PCR was used to analyze a portion of the proviral gag gene from all SFV-positive macaques, and multiple clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer long-term patterns of viral transmission. Analyses of SFV gag gene sequences indicated that macaque populations from different areas harbor genetically distinct strains of SFV, suggesting that geographic features such as forest cover play a role in determining the dispersal of macaques and SFV. We also found evidence suggesting that humans traveling the region with performing macaques likely play a role in the translocation of macaques and SFV. Our studies found that individual animals can harbor more than one strain of SFV and that presence of more than one SFV strain is more common among older animals. Some macaques are infected with SFV that appears to be recombinant. These findings paint a more detailed picture of how geographic and sociocultural factors influence the spectrum of simian-borne retroviruses.",
keywords = "Bangladesh, anthropogenic change, emerging infectious diseases, macaques, simian foamy virus",
author = "Feeroz, {Mostafa M.} and Khanh Soliven and Small, {Christopher T.} and Engel, {Gregory A.} and {Andreina Pacheco}, M. and Yee, {Joann L.} and Xiaoxing Wang and {Kamrul Hasan}, M. and Gunwha Oh and Levine, {Kathryn L.} and Alam, {S. M Rabiul} and Craig, {Karen L.} and Jackson, {Dana L.} and Lee, {Eun Gyung} and Barry, {Peter A.} and Lerche, {Nicholas W.} and Escalante, {Ananias A.} and Matsen, {Frederick A.} and Linial, {Maxine L.} and Lisa Jones-Engel",
note = "Funding Information: The authors wish to thank our student assistants and faculty in the Wildlife Branch of the Department of Zoology at Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. We also thank the Bangladesh Forest Department for their permission and constant support of our research program. Drs John Heidrich (Ventana Animal Clinic, Albuquerque, NM, USA) and Michael Schillaci (University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ont., Canada) as well as Hanna and Leah Engel (Seattle, WA, USA) and Lynn Johnson (National Geographic Magazine, Washington, DC, USA) were outstanding assistants during multiple field seasons. We thank Robin Watanabe (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA), Ann Rosenthal, Shannon Flynn (University of California, Davis, CA, USA), Connor McCoy, Leah Engel and Brandon Duffy (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA) for their laboratory technical assistance and discussions and Amanda Zeller and Regina Liszanckie (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA) for administrative support. We are grateful to Drs Harmit Malik and Michael Emerman (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA) for their insightful suggestions and comments. This research was supported by funding from NIH-NIAID grants R01 AI078229, R01AI078229-03S1, R03 AI064865, NIH-NCI grant CA18282, NIH-NCRR grant P51 RR000166 and New Development Institutional Support from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.",
year = "2013",
doi = "10.1038/emi.2013.23",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "2",
journal = "Emerging Microbes and Infections",
issn = "2222-1751",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
}