TY - JOUR
T1 - Optimizing Latency, Energy, and Reliability of 1T1R ReRAM Through Cross-Layer Techniques
AU - Mao, Manqing
AU - Cao, Yu
AU - Yu, Shimeng
AU - Chakrabarti, Chaitali
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2011 IEEE.
PY - 2016/9
Y1 - 2016/9
N2 - Resistive RAM (ReRAM) has fast access time, ultra-low stand-by power and high reliability, making it a viable memory technology to replace DRAM in main memory. The 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) ReRAM array has density comparable to that of a DRAM array and the advantages of lower programming energy and higher reliability compared to the ReRAM cross-point array. However, 1T1R ReRAM array has significantly lower lifetime compared to a DRAM array. In this paper, we show how cross-layer techniques can be used to improve reliability of 1T1R array with minimum latency and energy cost. At the circuit level, we show how voltage settings (pulse amplitude and pulse width) of word-line (WL), bit-line (BL), and source-line (SL) can be used to lower latency, lower energy consumption and improve reliability. We also show how appropriate choice of voltage settings can help reduce retention and endurance errors while minimizing energy. At the architecture level, we propose a new bit-flipping scheme that helps reduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) even further. We show how application of circuit-level and architecture-level techniques makes it possible to achieve a lifetime of 10 years with a simple BCH $(t=2)$ code. Finally, we evaluate the system-level performances of a 1GB ReRAM and 1GB DRAM memory system using CACTI and GEM5. Simulation results using SPEC CPU INT 2006 and DaCapo-9.12 benchmarks show that the proposed ReRAM based main memory can improve Instruction Per Cycle (IPC) by 5.2% and energy by up to 72% compared to a DRAM memory system.
AB - Resistive RAM (ReRAM) has fast access time, ultra-low stand-by power and high reliability, making it a viable memory technology to replace DRAM in main memory. The 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) ReRAM array has density comparable to that of a DRAM array and the advantages of lower programming energy and higher reliability compared to the ReRAM cross-point array. However, 1T1R ReRAM array has significantly lower lifetime compared to a DRAM array. In this paper, we show how cross-layer techniques can be used to improve reliability of 1T1R array with minimum latency and energy cost. At the circuit level, we show how voltage settings (pulse amplitude and pulse width) of word-line (WL), bit-line (BL), and source-line (SL) can be used to lower latency, lower energy consumption and improve reliability. We also show how appropriate choice of voltage settings can help reduce retention and endurance errors while minimizing energy. At the architecture level, we propose a new bit-flipping scheme that helps reduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) even further. We show how application of circuit-level and architecture-level techniques makes it possible to achieve a lifetime of 10 years with a simple BCH $(t=2)$ code. Finally, we evaluate the system-level performances of a 1GB ReRAM and 1GB DRAM memory system using CACTI and GEM5. Simulation results using SPEC CPU INT 2006 and DaCapo-9.12 benchmarks show that the proposed ReRAM based main memory can improve Instruction Per Cycle (IPC) by 5.2% and energy by up to 72% compared to a DRAM memory system.
KW - 1T1R ReRAM
KW - cross-layer technique
KW - endurance
KW - energy
KW - latency
KW - main memory
KW - reliability
KW - retention
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U2 - 10.1109/JETCAS.2016.2547745
DO - 10.1109/JETCAS.2016.2547745
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84963538304
SN - 2156-3357
VL - 6
SP - 352
EP - 363
JO - IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems
JF - IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems
IS - 3
M1 - 7450693
ER -