On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions

Michael Schaerer; Christilene Du Plessis; My Hoang Bao Nguyen; Robbie C.M.Van Aert; Leo Tiokhin; Daniel Lakens; Elena Giulia Clemente; Thomas Pfeiffer; Anna Dreber; Magnus Johannesson; Cory J. Clark; Eric Luis Uhlmann; Ajay T. Abraham; Magdalena Adamus; Cinla Akinci; Federica Alberti; Abdelaziz M. Alsharawy; Shilaan Alzahawi; Frederik Anseel; Felix Arndt; Binnur Balkan; Ernest Baskin; Carrie E. Bearden; Eric G. Benotsch; Stefan Bernritter; Sheila R. Black; Wiebke Bleidorn; Andrew P. Boysen; Justin P. Brienza; Mitch Brown; Stephanie E.V. Brown; Joshua W. Brown; Jeffrey Buckley; Brett Buttliere; Nick Byrd; Hynek Cígler; Tabaŕe Capitan; Paolo Cherubini; Shao Yuan Chong; Esma Esen Ciftci; Cheryl D. Conrad; Paul Conway; Elaine Costa; Jolene A. Cox; Daniel J. Cox; Francisco Cruz; Ian G.J. Dawson; Elif E. Demiral; Jaye L. Derrick; Shemal Doshi; Daniel J. Dunleavy; Justin D. Durham; Christian T. Elbaek; David A. Ellis; Eyal Ert; Maria Paz Espinoza; Sascha C. Füllbrunn; Sean Fath; Remy Furrer; Lenka Fiala; Adrien Alejandro Fillon; Mattias Forsgren; Agapi Thaleia Fytraki; Francisco B. Galarza; Linnea Gandhi; S. Mason Garrison; Diogo Geraldes; Omid Ghasemi; Biljana Gjoneska; Jennifer Gothilander; Daniel Grühn; Manuel Grieder; Sebastian Hafenbr¨adl; Georgios Halkias; Roeland Hancock; Donald A. Hantula; Helen C. Harton; Christian P. Hoffmann; Felix Holzmeister; Filip Hoŕak; Ann Katrin Hosch; Hirotaka Imada; Konstantinos Ioannidis; Bastian Jaeger; Moritz Janas; Bartosz Janik; Raghabendra Pratap Kc; Pamela K. Keel; Jared W. Keeley; Lucas Keller; Douglas T. Kenrick; Kim M. Kiely; Mikael Knutsson; Aleksandra Kovacheva; Margaret Bull Kovera; Vladislav Krivoshchekov; Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso; Danica Kulibert; David Lacko; Edward P. Lemay; Desmond W. Leung; Flora Li; Hause Lin; Kyle E. Lorenzo; Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces; Nigel Mantou Lou; Andrey Lovakov; Andre Luzardo; Samuel C. MacAulay; Christopher R. Madan; Ola Mahmoud; Matthew C. Makel; Silvia Mari; Diego Marino Fages; Abigail A. Marsh; Randy J. McCarthy; Brett Mercier; Taciano L. Milfont; Sergio Mittlaender; Amanda K. Montoya; Anne Moyer; Kristian Ove R. Myrseth; Daniel Navarro-Martinez; Anthony J. Nelson; Levent Neyse; N. Minghui; Pawe? Niszczota; Natalie A. Obrecht; Tobias Otterbring; Zaviera A. Panlilio; Lora E. Park; Shiva Pauer; Yuri G. Pavlov; Imre Pentek; Juan S. Pereyra; Patryk Perkowski; Ethan Pew; Zehra F. Peynirciǒglu; Mark V. Pezzo; Angelo Pirrone; Ori Plonsky; Jonas C.C. Porfírio; Madeleine Pownall; MacIej M. Pŕochnicki; John Protzko; Jan P. R¨oer; Dobromir Rahnev; Harry T. Reis; Kimberly Rios; David L. Rodrigues; Priscilla Rodriguez; Yefim Roth; Bradley J. Ruffle; Margaret Samahita; Aishameriane Schmidt; Martin Schoemann; Philipp Schoenegger; David C. Schwebel; Adrian M. Segovia; Jeffrey W. Sherman; Simon Siegenthaler; Birte Siem; Miroslav Sirota; Eliot R. Smith; Antonios Stamatogiannakis; Steve Stewart-Williams; Daniel Storage; Yuxin Su; Eli J. Talbert; Andrew R. Todd; Mirco Tonin; Stefan T. Trautmann; Giovanni A. Travaglino; Jo Ann Tsang; Roel Van Veldhuizen; Michael E.W. Varnum; Alicia A. Walf; Lukas Wallrich; Ke Wang; Deborah E. Ward; Christian E. Waugh; Tobias Wingen; Jan K. Woike; Conny E. Wollbrant; Shuping Wu; Keith Wylie; Qinyu Xiao; Sherrie Y. Xue; Ofir Yakobi; Vivian Zayas; Jie Zheng; Yuyang Zhong; Cristina Zogmaister; Camille S. Zolopa; Norrgren Lisa; Cong Chin Wen; Grigoryev Dmitry

doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280

On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions

Michael Schaerer, Christilene Du Plessis, My Hoang Bao Nguyen, Robbie C.M.Van Aert, Leo Tiokhin, Daniel Lakens, Elena Giulia Clemente, Thomas Pfeiffer, Anna Dreber, Magnus Johannesson, Cory J. Clark, Eric Luis Uhlmann, Ajay T. Abraham, Magdalena Adamus, Cinla Akinci, Federica Alberti, Abdelaziz M. Alsharawy, Shilaan Alzahawi, Frederik Anseel, Felix ArndtBinnur Balkan, Ernest Baskin, Carrie E. Bearden, Eric G. Benotsch, Stefan Bernritter, Sheila R. Black, Wiebke Bleidorn, Andrew P. Boysen, Justin P. Brienza, Mitch Brown, Stephanie E.V. Brown, Joshua W. Brown, Jeffrey Buckley, Brett Buttliere, Nick Byrd, Hynek Cígler, Tabaŕe Capitan, Paolo Cherubini, Shao Yuan Chong, Esma Esen Ciftci, Cheryl D. Conrad, Paul Conway, Elaine Costa, Jolene A. Cox, Daniel J. Cox, Francisco Cruz, Ian G.J. Dawson, Elif E. Demiral, Jaye L. Derrick, Shemal Doshi, Daniel J. Dunleavy, Justin D. Durham, Christian T. Elbaek, David A. Ellis, Eyal Ert, Maria Paz Espinoza, Sascha C. Füllbrunn, Sean Fath, Remy Furrer, Lenka Fiala, Adrien Alejandro Fillon, Mattias Forsgren, Agapi Thaleia Fytraki, Francisco B. Galarza, Linnea Gandhi, S. Mason Garrison, Diogo Geraldes, Omid Ghasemi, Biljana Gjoneska, Jennifer Gothilander, Daniel Grühn, Manuel Grieder, Sebastian Hafenbr¨adl, Georgios Halkias, Roeland Hancock, Donald A. Hantula, Helen C. Harton, Christian P. Hoffmann, Felix Holzmeister, Filip Hoŕak, Ann Katrin Hosch, Hirotaka Imada, Konstantinos Ioannidis, Bastian Jaeger, Moritz Janas, Bartosz Janik, Raghabendra Pratap Kc, Pamela K. Keel, Jared W. Keeley, Lucas Keller, Douglas T. Kenrick, Kim M. Kiely, Mikael Knutsson, Aleksandra Kovacheva, Margaret Bull Kovera, Vladislav Krivoshchekov, Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso, Danica Kulibert, David Lacko, Edward P. Lemay, Desmond W. Leung, Flora Li, Hause Lin, Kyle E. Lorenzo, Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces, Nigel Mantou Lou, Andrey Lovakov, Andre Luzardo, Samuel C. MacAulay, Christopher R. Madan, Ola Mahmoud, Matthew C. Makel, Silvia Mari, Diego Marino Fages, Abigail A. Marsh, Randy J. McCarthy, Brett Mercier, Taciano L. Milfont, Sergio Mittlaender, Amanda K. Montoya, Anne Moyer, Kristian Ove R. Myrseth, Daniel Navarro-Martinez, Anthony J. Nelson, Levent Neyse, N. Minghui, Pawe? Niszczota, Natalie A. Obrecht, Tobias Otterbring, Zaviera A. Panlilio, Lora E. Park, Shiva Pauer, Yuri G. Pavlov, Imre Pentek, Juan S. Pereyra, Patryk Perkowski, Ethan Pew, Zehra F. Peynirciǒglu, Mark V. Pezzo, Angelo Pirrone, Ori Plonsky, Jonas C.C. Porfírio, Madeleine Pownall, MacIej M. Pŕochnicki, John Protzko, Jan P. R¨oer, Dobromir Rahnev, Harry T. Reis, Kimberly Rios, David L. Rodrigues, Priscilla Rodriguez, Yefim Roth, Bradley J. Ruffle, Margaret Samahita, Aishameriane Schmidt, Martin Schoemann, Philipp Schoenegger, David C. Schwebel, Adrian M. Segovia, Jeffrey W. Sherman, Simon Siegenthaler, Birte Siem, Miroslav Sirota, Eliot R. Smith, Antonios Stamatogiannakis, Steve Stewart-Williams, Daniel Storage, Yuxin Su, Eli J. Talbert, Andrew R. Todd, Mirco Tonin, Stefan T. Trautmann, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Jo Ann Tsang, Roel Van Veldhuizen, Michael E.W. Varnum, Alicia A. Walf, Lukas Wallrich, Ke Wang, Deborah E. Ward, Christian E. Waugh, Tobias Wingen, Jan K. Woike, Conny E. Wollbrant, Shuping Wu, Keith Wylie, Qinyu Xiao, Sherrie Y. Xue, Ofir Yakobi, Vivian Zayas, Jie Zheng, Yuyang Zhong, Cristina Zogmaister, Camille S. Zolopa, Norrgren Lisa, Cong Chin Wen, Grigoryev Dmitry

Psychology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	104280
Journal	Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Volume	179
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280
State	Published - Nov 2023

Keywords

Discrimination
Field experiments
Forecasting
Gender
Meta-analysis
Open science

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Applied Psychology
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management

Access to Document

10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280

Cite this

Schaerer, M., Plessis, C. D., Nguyen, M. H. B., Aert, R. C. M. V., Tiokhin, L., Lakens, D., Clemente, E. G., Pfeiffer, T., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Clark, C. J., Uhlmann, E. L., Abraham, A. T., Adamus, M., Akinci, C., Alberti, F., Alsharawy, A. M., Alzahawi, S., Anseel, F., ... Dmitry, G. (2023). On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 179, Article 104280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280

On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions. / Schaerer, Michael; Plessis, Christilene Du; Nguyen, My Hoang Bao et al.
In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 179, 104280, 11.2023.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Schaerer, M, Plessis, CD, Nguyen, MHB, Aert, RCMV, Tiokhin, L, Lakens, D, Clemente, EG, Pfeiffer, T, Dreber, A, Johannesson, M, Clark, CJ, Uhlmann, EL, Abraham, AT, Adamus, M, Akinci, C, Alberti, F, Alsharawy, AM, Alzahawi, S, Anseel, F, Arndt, F, Balkan, B, Baskin, E, Bearden, CE, Benotsch, EG, Bernritter, S, Black, SR, Bleidorn, W, Boysen, AP, Brienza, JP, Brown, M, Brown, SEV, Brown, JW, Buckley, J, Buttliere, B, Byrd, N, Cígler, H, Capitan, T, Cherubini, P, Chong, SY, Ciftci, EE, Conrad, CD, Conway, P, Costa, E, Cox, JA, Cox, DJ, Cruz, F, Dawson, IGJ, Demiral, EE, Derrick, JL, Doshi, S, Dunleavy, DJ, Durham, JD, Elbaek, CT, Ellis, DA, Ert, E, Espinoza, MP, Füllbrunn, SC, Fath, S, Furrer, R, Fiala, L, Fillon, AA, Forsgren, M, Fytraki, AT, Galarza, FB, Gandhi, L, Garrison, SM, Geraldes, D, Ghasemi, O, Gjoneska, B, Gothilander, J, Grühn, D, Grieder, M, Hafenbr¨adl, S, Halkias, G, Hancock, R, Hantula, DA, Harton, HC, Hoffmann, CP, Holzmeister, F, Hoŕak, F, Hosch, AK, Imada, H, Ioannidis, K, Jaeger, B, Janas, M, Janik, B, Kc, RP, Keel, PK, Keeley, JW, Keller, L, Kenrick, DT, Kiely, KM, Knutsson, M, Kovacheva, A, Kovera, MB, Krivoshchekov, V, Krumrei-Mancuso, EJ, Kulibert, D, Lacko, D, Lemay, EP, Leung, DW, Li, F, Lin, H, Lorenzo, KE, Lorenzo-Luaces, L, Lou, NM, Lovakov, A, Luzardo, A, MacAulay, SC, Madan, CR, Mahmoud, O, Makel, MC, Mari, S, Fages, DM, Marsh, AA, McCarthy, RJ, Mercier, B, Milfont, TL, Mittlaender, S, Montoya, AK, Moyer, A, Myrseth, KOR, Navarro-Martinez, D, Nelson, AJ, Neyse, L, Minghui, N, Niszczota, P, Obrecht, NA, Otterbring, T, Panlilio, ZA, Park, LE, Pauer, S, Pavlov, YG, Pentek, I, Pereyra, JS, Perkowski, P, Pew, E, Peynirciǒglu, ZF, Pezzo, MV, Pirrone, A, Plonsky, O, Porfírio, JCC, Pownall, M, Pŕochnicki, MM, Protzko, J, R¨oer, JP, Rahnev, D, Reis, HT, Rios, K, Rodrigues, DL, Rodriguez, P, Roth, Y, Ruffle, BJ, Samahita, M, Schmidt, A, Schoemann, M, Schoenegger, P, Schwebel, DC, Segovia, AM, Sherman, JW, Siegenthaler, S, Siem, B, Sirota, M, Smith, ER, Stamatogiannakis, A, Stewart-Williams, S, Storage, D, Su, Y, Talbert, EJ, Todd, AR, Tonin, M, Trautmann, ST, Travaglino, GA, Tsang, JA, Veldhuizen, RV, Varnum, MEW, Walf, AA, Wallrich, L, Wang, K, Ward, DE, Waugh, CE, Wingen, T, Woike, JK, Wollbrant, CE, Wu, S, Wylie, K, Xiao, Q, Xue, SY, Yakobi, O, Zayas, V, Zheng, J, Zhong, Y, Zogmaister, C, Zolopa, CS, Lisa, N, Chin Wen, C & Dmitry, G 2023, 'On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 179, 104280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280

@article{2950f9414d4445a59f20727f30152008,

title = "On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions",

abstract = "A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades.",

keywords = "Discrimination, Field experiments, Forecasting, Gender, Meta-analysis, Open science",

author = "Michael Schaerer and Plessis, {Christilene Du} and Nguyen, {My Hoang Bao} and Aert, {Robbie C.M.Van} and Leo Tiokhin and Daniel Lakens and Clemente, {Elena Giulia} and Thomas Pfeiffer and Anna Dreber and Magnus Johannesson and Clark, {Cory J.} and Uhlmann, {Eric Luis} and Abraham, {Ajay T.} and Magdalena Adamus and Cinla Akinci and Federica Alberti and Alsharawy, {Abdelaziz M.} and Shilaan Alzahawi and Frederik Anseel and Felix Arndt and Binnur Balkan and Ernest Baskin and Bearden, {Carrie E.} and Benotsch, {Eric G.} and Stefan Bernritter and Black, {Sheila R.} and Wiebke Bleidorn and Boysen, {Andrew P.} and Brienza, {Justin P.} and Mitch Brown and Brown, {Stephanie E.V.} and Brown, {Joshua W.} and Jeffrey Buckley and Brett Buttliere and Nick Byrd and Hynek C{\'i}gler and Taba{\'r}e Capitan and Paolo Cherubini and Chong, {Shao Yuan} and Ciftci, {Esma Esen} and Conrad, {Cheryl D.} and Paul Conway and Elaine Costa and Cox, {Jolene A.} and Cox, {Daniel J.} and Francisco Cruz and Dawson, {Ian G.J.} and Demiral, {Elif E.} and Derrick, {Jaye L.} and Shemal Doshi and Dunleavy, {Daniel J.} and Durham, {Justin D.} and Elbaek, {Christian T.} and Ellis, {David A.} and Eyal Ert and Espinoza, {Maria Paz} and F{\"u}llbrunn, {Sascha C.} and Sean Fath and Remy Furrer and Lenka Fiala and Fillon, {Adrien Alejandro} and Mattias Forsgren and Fytraki, {Agapi Thaleia} and Galarza, {Francisco B.} and Linnea Gandhi and Garrison, {S. Mason} and Diogo Geraldes and Omid Ghasemi and Biljana Gjoneska and Jennifer Gothilander and Daniel Gr{\"u}hn and Manuel Grieder and Sebastian Hafenbr¨adl and Georgios Halkias and Roeland Hancock and Hantula, {Donald A.} and Harton, {Helen C.} and Hoffmann, {Christian P.} and Felix Holzmeister and Filip Ho{\'r}ak and Hosch, {Ann Katrin} and Hirotaka Imada and Konstantinos Ioannidis and Bastian Jaeger and Moritz Janas and Bartosz Janik and Kc, {Raghabendra Pratap} and Keel, {Pamela K.} and Keeley, {Jared W.} and Lucas Keller and Kenrick, {Douglas T.} and Kiely, {Kim M.} and Mikael Knutsson and Aleksandra Kovacheva and Kovera, {Margaret Bull} and Vladislav Krivoshchekov and Krumrei-Mancuso, {Elizabeth J.} and Danica Kulibert and David Lacko and Lemay, {Edward P.} and Leung, {Desmond W.} and Flora Li and Hause Lin and Lorenzo, {Kyle E.} and Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces and Lou, {Nigel Mantou} and Andrey Lovakov and Andre Luzardo and MacAulay, {Samuel C.} and Madan, {Christopher R.} and Ola Mahmoud and Makel, {Matthew C.} and Silvia Mari and Fages, {Diego Marino} and Marsh, {Abigail A.} and McCarthy, {Randy J.} and Brett Mercier and Milfont, {Taciano L.} and Sergio Mittlaender and Montoya, {Amanda K.} and Anne Moyer and Myrseth, {Kristian Ove R.} and Daniel Navarro-Martinez and Nelson, {Anthony J.} and Levent Neyse and N. Minghui and Pawe? Niszczota and Obrecht, {Natalie A.} and Tobias Otterbring and Panlilio, {Zaviera A.} and Park, {Lora E.} and Shiva Pauer and Pavlov, {Yuri G.} and Imre Pentek and Pereyra, {Juan S.} and Patryk Perkowski and Ethan Pew and Peynirciǒglu, {Zehra F.} and Pezzo, {Mark V.} and Angelo Pirrone and Ori Plonsky and Porf{\'i}rio, {Jonas C.C.} and Madeleine Pownall and P{\'r}ochnicki, {MacIej M.} and John Protzko and R¨oer, {Jan P.} and Dobromir Rahnev and Reis, {Harry T.} and Kimberly Rios and Rodrigues, {David L.} and Priscilla Rodriguez and Yefim Roth and Ruffle, {Bradley J.} and Margaret Samahita and Aishameriane Schmidt and Martin Schoemann and Philipp Schoenegger and Schwebel, {David C.} and Segovia, {Adrian M.} and Sherman, {Jeffrey W.} and Simon Siegenthaler and Birte Siem and Miroslav Sirota and Smith, {Eliot R.} and Antonios Stamatogiannakis and Steve Stewart-Williams and Daniel Storage and Yuxin Su and Talbert, {Eli J.} and Todd, {Andrew R.} and Mirco Tonin and Trautmann, {Stefan T.} and Travaglino, {Giovanni A.} and Tsang, {Jo Ann} and Veldhuizen, {Roel Van} and Varnum, {Michael E.W.} and Walf, {Alicia A.} and Lukas Wallrich and Ke Wang and Ward, {Deborah E.} and Waugh, {Christian E.} and Tobias Wingen and Woike, {Jan K.} and Wollbrant, {Conny E.} and Shuping Wu and Keith Wylie and Qinyu Xiao and Xue, {Sherrie Y.} and Ofir Yakobi and Vivian Zayas and Jie Zheng and Yuyang Zhong and Cristina Zogmaister and Zolopa, {Camille S.} and Norrgren Lisa and {Chin Wen}, Cong and Grigoryev Dmitry",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors",

year = "2023",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "179",

journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes",

issn = "0749-5978",

publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - On the trajectory of discrimination

T2 - A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions

AU - Schaerer, Michael

AU - Plessis, Christilene Du

AU - Nguyen, My Hoang Bao

AU - Aert, Robbie C.M.Van

AU - Tiokhin, Leo

AU - Lakens, Daniel

AU - Clemente, Elena Giulia

AU - Pfeiffer, Thomas

AU - Dreber, Anna

AU - Johannesson, Magnus

AU - Clark, Cory J.

AU - Uhlmann, Eric Luis

AU - Abraham, Ajay T.

AU - Adamus, Magdalena

AU - Akinci, Cinla

AU - Alberti, Federica

AU - Alsharawy, Abdelaziz M.

AU - Alzahawi, Shilaan

AU - Anseel, Frederik

AU - Arndt, Felix

AU - Balkan, Binnur

AU - Baskin, Ernest

AU - Bearden, Carrie E.

AU - Benotsch, Eric G.

AU - Bernritter, Stefan

AU - Black, Sheila R.

AU - Bleidorn, Wiebke

AU - Boysen, Andrew P.

AU - Brienza, Justin P.

AU - Brown, Mitch

AU - Brown, Stephanie E.V.

AU - Brown, Joshua W.

AU - Buckley, Jeffrey

AU - Buttliere, Brett

AU - Byrd, Nick

AU - Cígler, Hynek

AU - Capitan, Tabaŕe

AU - Cherubini, Paolo

AU - Chong, Shao Yuan

AU - Ciftci, Esma Esen

AU - Conrad, Cheryl D.

AU - Conway, Paul

AU - Costa, Elaine

AU - Cox, Jolene A.

AU - Cox, Daniel J.

AU - Cruz, Francisco

AU - Dawson, Ian G.J.

AU - Demiral, Elif E.

AU - Derrick, Jaye L.

AU - Doshi, Shemal

AU - Dunleavy, Daniel J.

AU - Durham, Justin D.

AU - Elbaek, Christian T.

AU - Ellis, David A.

AU - Ert, Eyal

AU - Espinoza, Maria Paz

AU - Füllbrunn, Sascha C.

AU - Fath, Sean

AU - Furrer, Remy

AU - Fiala, Lenka

AU - Fillon, Adrien Alejandro

AU - Forsgren, Mattias

AU - Fytraki, Agapi Thaleia

AU - Galarza, Francisco B.

AU - Gandhi, Linnea

AU - Garrison, S. Mason

AU - Geraldes, Diogo

AU - Ghasemi, Omid

AU - Gjoneska, Biljana

AU - Gothilander, Jennifer

AU - Grühn, Daniel

AU - Grieder, Manuel

AU - Hafenbr¨adl, Sebastian

AU - Halkias, Georgios

AU - Hancock, Roeland

AU - Hantula, Donald A.

AU - Harton, Helen C.

AU - Hoffmann, Christian P.

AU - Holzmeister, Felix

AU - Hoŕak, Filip

AU - Hosch, Ann Katrin

AU - Imada, Hirotaka

AU - Ioannidis, Konstantinos

AU - Jaeger, Bastian

AU - Janas, Moritz

AU - Janik, Bartosz

AU - Kc, Raghabendra Pratap

AU - Keel, Pamela K.

AU - Keeley, Jared W.

AU - Keller, Lucas

AU - Kenrick, Douglas T.

AU - Kiely, Kim M.

AU - Knutsson, Mikael

AU - Kovacheva, Aleksandra

AU - Kovera, Margaret Bull

AU - Krivoshchekov, Vladislav

AU - Krumrei-Mancuso, Elizabeth J.

AU - Kulibert, Danica

AU - Lacko, David

AU - Lemay, Edward P.

AU - Leung, Desmond W.

AU - Li, Flora

AU - Lin, Hause

AU - Lorenzo, Kyle E.

AU - Lorenzo-Luaces, Lorenzo

AU - Lou, Nigel Mantou

AU - Lovakov, Andrey

AU - Luzardo, Andre

AU - MacAulay, Samuel C.

AU - Madan, Christopher R.

AU - Mahmoud, Ola

AU - Makel, Matthew C.

AU - Mari, Silvia

AU - Fages, Diego Marino

AU - Marsh, Abigail A.

AU - McCarthy, Randy J.

AU - Mercier, Brett

AU - Milfont, Taciano L.

AU - Mittlaender, Sergio

AU - Montoya, Amanda K.

AU - Moyer, Anne

AU - Myrseth, Kristian Ove R.

AU - Navarro-Martinez, Daniel

AU - Nelson, Anthony J.

AU - Neyse, Levent

AU - Minghui, N.

AU - Niszczota, Pawe?

AU - Obrecht, Natalie A.

AU - Otterbring, Tobias

AU - Panlilio, Zaviera A.

AU - Park, Lora E.

AU - Pauer, Shiva

AU - Pavlov, Yuri G.

AU - Pentek, Imre

AU - Pereyra, Juan S.

AU - Perkowski, Patryk

AU - Pew, Ethan

AU - Peynirciǒglu, Zehra F.

AU - Pezzo, Mark V.

AU - Pirrone, Angelo

AU - Plonsky, Ori

AU - Porfírio, Jonas C.C.

AU - Pownall, Madeleine

AU - Pŕochnicki, MacIej M.

AU - Protzko, John

AU - R¨oer, Jan P.

AU - Rahnev, Dobromir

AU - Reis, Harry T.

AU - Rios, Kimberly

AU - Rodrigues, David L.

AU - Rodriguez, Priscilla

AU - Roth, Yefim

AU - Ruffle, Bradley J.

AU - Samahita, Margaret

AU - Schmidt, Aishameriane

AU - Schoemann, Martin

AU - Schoenegger, Philipp

AU - Schwebel, David C.

AU - Segovia, Adrian M.

AU - Sherman, Jeffrey W.

AU - Siegenthaler, Simon

AU - Siem, Birte

AU - Sirota, Miroslav

AU - Smith, Eliot R.

AU - Stamatogiannakis, Antonios

AU - Stewart-Williams, Steve

AU - Storage, Daniel

AU - Su, Yuxin

AU - Talbert, Eli J.

AU - Todd, Andrew R.

AU - Tonin, Mirco

AU - Trautmann, Stefan T.

AU - Travaglino, Giovanni A.

AU - Tsang, Jo Ann

AU - Veldhuizen, Roel Van

AU - Varnum, Michael E.W.

AU - Walf, Alicia A.

AU - Wallrich, Lukas

AU - Wang, Ke

AU - Ward, Deborah E.

AU - Waugh, Christian E.

AU - Wingen, Tobias

AU - Woike, Jan K.

AU - Wollbrant, Conny E.

AU - Wu, Shuping

AU - Wylie, Keith

AU - Xiao, Qinyu

AU - Xue, Sherrie Y.

AU - Yakobi, Ofir

AU - Zayas, Vivian

AU - Zheng, Jie

AU - Zhong, Yuyang

AU - Zogmaister, Cristina

AU - Zolopa, Camille S.

AU - Lisa, Norrgren

AU - Chin Wen, Cong

AU - Dmitry, Grigoryev

PY - 2023/11

Y1 - 2023/11

N2 - A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades.

AB - A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades.

KW - Discrimination

KW - Field experiments

KW - Forecasting

KW - Gender

KW - Meta-analysis

KW - Open science

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85176269117&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85176269117&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280

DO - 10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85176269117

SN - 0749-5978

VL - 179

JO - Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

JF - Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

M1 - 104280

ER -

On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this