Abstract
Demand for water is expanding with increases in population, particularly in urban areas in developing countries. Additionally, urban water system needs a novel perspective for upgradation with urbanization. This perspective presents a novel 5R approach for managing urban water resources: Recover (storm water), Reduce (toilet flushing water), Recycle (gray water), Resource (black water), and Reuse (advanced-treated wastewater). The 5R generation incorporates the latest ideas for harvesting storm water, gray water, and black water in its several forms. This paper has briefly demonstrated each R of 5R generation for water treatment and reuse. China has the chance to upgrade its urban water systems according to 5R principles. Already, a demonstration project of 5R generation has been installed in Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition, and Dalian International Convention Center (China) has applied 5R, achieving over 70% water saving. The 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity from “hoped for in the future” to “realistic today”. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | 16 |
Journal | Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering |
Volume | 15 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Feb 1 2021 |
Keywords
- 5R generation
- Recover
- Recycle
- Reduce
- Resource
- Reuse
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Environmental Science