TY - JOUR
T1 - Legionella pneumophila occurrence in reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities during the COVID-19 pandemic
AU - Dowdell, Katherine S.
AU - Healy, Hannah Greenwald
AU - Joshi, Sayalee
AU - Grimard-Conea, Marianne
AU - Pitell, Sarah
AU - Song, Yang
AU - Ley, Christian
AU - Kennedy, Lauren C.
AU - Vosloo, Solize
AU - Huo, Linxuan
AU - Haig, Sarah Jane
AU - Hamilton, Kerry A.
AU - Nelson, Kara L.
AU - Pinto, Ameet
AU - Prévost, Michèle
AU - Proctor, Caitlin R.
AU - Raskin, Lutgarde
AU - Whelton, Andrew J.
AU - Garner, Emily
AU - Pieper, Kelsey J.
AU - Rhoads, William J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
PY - 2023/8/18
Y1 - 2023/8/18
N2 - In spring 2020, numerous buildings were closed or operated at reduced occupancies to slow the spread of COVID-19. An unintended consequence of these social distancing measures was a reduction in water demand in many buildings. Concerns arose that contaminants associated with water stagnation, such as Legionella pneumophila, could become prevalent. To investigate the potential public health risk associated with L. pneumophila, samples from 26 reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities in the United States, Canada, and Switzerland were analyzed for L. pneumophila using liquid culture (Legiolert, n = 258) and DNA-based methods (qPCR/ddPCR, n = 138). L. pneumophila culture-positivity was largely associated with five buildings, each of which had specific design or operational deficiencies commonly associated with L. pneumophila occurrence. Samples from buildings with free chlorine residual disinfection had higher culture-positivity (37%) than samples from buildings with chloramine (1%). Additionally, 78% of culture-positive samples occurred when the disinfectant residual was ≤0.1 mg L−1 Cl2 and only three free chlorine samples were culture-positive when the disinfectant residual was >0.2 mg L−1 as Cl2. Although overall sample positivity using culture- and DNA-based methods was equivalent (34% vs. 35%), there was disagreement between the methods in 13% of samples (n = 18 of 138). Few buildings reported any water management activities, and L. pneumophila concentrations in flushed samples were occasionally greater than in first-draw samples. This study provides insight into how building plumbing characteristics and water management practices contribute to L. pneumophila occurrence during low water use periods and can inform targeted prevention and mitigation efforts.
AB - In spring 2020, numerous buildings were closed or operated at reduced occupancies to slow the spread of COVID-19. An unintended consequence of these social distancing measures was a reduction in water demand in many buildings. Concerns arose that contaminants associated with water stagnation, such as Legionella pneumophila, could become prevalent. To investigate the potential public health risk associated with L. pneumophila, samples from 26 reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities in the United States, Canada, and Switzerland were analyzed for L. pneumophila using liquid culture (Legiolert, n = 258) and DNA-based methods (qPCR/ddPCR, n = 138). L. pneumophila culture-positivity was largely associated with five buildings, each of which had specific design or operational deficiencies commonly associated with L. pneumophila occurrence. Samples from buildings with free chlorine residual disinfection had higher culture-positivity (37%) than samples from buildings with chloramine (1%). Additionally, 78% of culture-positive samples occurred when the disinfectant residual was ≤0.1 mg L−1 Cl2 and only three free chlorine samples were culture-positive when the disinfectant residual was >0.2 mg L−1 as Cl2. Although overall sample positivity using culture- and DNA-based methods was equivalent (34% vs. 35%), there was disagreement between the methods in 13% of samples (n = 18 of 138). Few buildings reported any water management activities, and L. pneumophila concentrations in flushed samples were occasionally greater than in first-draw samples. This study provides insight into how building plumbing characteristics and water management practices contribute to L. pneumophila occurrence during low water use periods and can inform targeted prevention and mitigation efforts.
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U2 - 10.1039/d3ew00278k
DO - 10.1039/d3ew00278k
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85172262401
SN - 2053-1400
VL - 9
SP - 2847
EP - 2865
JO - Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology
JF - Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology
IS - 11
ER -