HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization

Zara Abdurashidova; James E. Aguirre; Paul Alexander; Zaki S. Ali; Yanga Balfour; Rennan Barkana; Adam P. Beardsley; Gianni Bernardi; Tashalee S. Billings; Judd D. Bowman; Richard F. Bradley; Philip Bull; Jacob Burba; Steve Carey; Chris L. Carilli; Carina Cheng; David R. Deboer; Matt Dexter; Eloy De Lera Acedo; Joshua S. Dillon; John Ely; Aaron Ewall-Wice; Nicolas Fagnoni; Anastasia Fialkov; Randall Fritz; Steven R. Furlanetto; Kingsley Gale-Sides; Brian Glendenning; Deepthi Gorthi; Bradley Greig; Jasper Grobbelaar; Ziyaad Halday; Bryna J. Hazelton; Stefan Heimersheim; Jacqueline N. Hewitt; Jack Hickish; Daniel C. Jacobs; Austin Julius; Nicholas S. Kern; Joshua Kerrigan; Piyanat Kittiwisit; Saul A. Kohn; Matthew Kolopanis; Adam Lanman; Paul La Plante; Telalo Lekalake; David Lewis; Adrian Liu; Yin Zhe Ma; David Macmahon; Lourence Malan; Cresshim Malgas; Matthys Maree; Zachary E. Martinot; Eunice Matsetela; Andrei Mesinger; Jordan Mirocha; Mathakane Molewa; Miguel F. Morales; Tshegofalang Mosiane; Julian B. Munoz; Steven G. Murray; Abraham R. Neben; Bojan Nikolic; Chuneeta D. Nunhokee; Aaron R. Parsons; Nipanjana Patra; Samantha Pieterse; Jonathan C. Pober; Yuxiang Qin; Nima Razavi-Ghods; Itamar Reis; Jon Ringuette; James Robnett; Kathryn Rosie; Mario G. Santos; Sudipta Sikder; Peter Sims; Craig Smith; Angelo Syce; Nithyanandan Thyagarajan; Peter K.G. Williams; Haoxuan Zheng

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ffc

HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization

Zara Abdurashidova, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Yanga Balfour, Rennan Barkana, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steve Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Carina Cheng, David R. Deboer, Matt Dexter, Eloy De Lera Acedo, Joshua S. DillonJohn Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Anastasia Fialkov, Randall Fritz, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Stefan Heimersheim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Austin Julius, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Saul A. Kohn, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Telalo Lekalake, David Lewis, Adrian Liu, Yin Zhe Ma, David Macmahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Matthys Maree, Zachary E. Martinot, Eunice Matsetela, Andrei Mesinger, Jordan Mirocha, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Julian B. Munoz, Steven G. Murray, Abraham R. Neben, Bojan Nikolic, Chuneeta D. Nunhokee, Aaron R. Parsons, Nipanjana Patra, Samantha Pieterse, Jonathan C. Pober, Yuxiang Qin, Nima Razavi-Ghods, Itamar Reis, Jon Ringuette, James Robnett, Kathryn Rosie, Mario G. Santos, Sudipta Sikder, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Angelo Syce, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Peter K.G. Williams, Haoxuan Zheng

Earth and Space Exploration, School of (SESE)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

54 Scopus citations

Abstract

Recently, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) has produced the experiment's first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations at z ∼ 8 and 10. Here, we use several independent theoretical models to infer constraints on the intergalactic medium (IGM) and galaxies during the epoch of reionization from these limits. We find that the IGM must have been heated above the adiabatic-cooling threshold by z ∼ 8, independent of uncertainties about IGM ionization and the radio background. Combining HERA limits with complementary observations constrains the spin temperature of the z ∼ 8 neutral IGM to 27 K 630 K (2.3 K 640 K) at 68% (95%) confidence. They therefore also place a lower bound on X-ray heating, a previously unconstrained aspects of early galaxies. For example, if the cosmic microwave background dominates the z ∼ 8 radio background, the new HERA limits imply that the first galaxies produced X-rays more efficiently than local ones. The z ∼ 10 limits require even earlier heating if dark-matter interactions cool the hydrogen gas. If an extra radio background is produced by galaxies, we rule out (at 95% confidence) the combination of high radio and low X-ray luminosities of L r,ν /SFR > 4 × 1024 W Hz-1 yr and L X /SFR < 7.6 × 1039 erg s-1 yr. The new HERA upper limits neither support nor disfavor a cosmological interpretation of the recent Experiment to Detect the Global EOR Signature (EDGES) measurement. The framework described here provides a foundation for the interpretation of future HERA results.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	51
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	924
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ffc
State	Published - Jan 10 2022

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ffc

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Abdurashidova, Z., Aguirre, J. E., Alexander, P., Ali, Z. S., Balfour, Y., Barkana, R., Beardsley, A. P., Bernardi, G., Billings, T. S., Bowman, J. D., Bradley, R. F., Bull, P., Burba, J., Carey, S., Carilli, C. L., Cheng, C., Deboer, D. R., Dexter, M., De Lera Acedo, E., ... Zheng, H. (2022). HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization. Astrophysical Journal, 924(2), Article 51. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ffc

Abdurashidova, Z, Aguirre, JE, Alexander, P, Ali, ZS, Balfour, Y, Barkana, R, Beardsley, AP, Bernardi, G, Billings, TS, Bowman, JD, Bradley, RF, Bull, P, Burba, J, Carey, S, Carilli, CL, Cheng, C, Deboer, DR, Dexter, M, De Lera Acedo, E, Dillon, JS, Ely, J, Ewall-Wice, A, Fagnoni, N, Fialkov, A, Fritz, R, Furlanetto, SR, Gale-Sides, K, Glendenning, B, Gorthi, D, Greig, B, Grobbelaar, J, Halday, Z, Hazelton, BJ, Heimersheim, S, Hewitt, JN, Hickish, J, Jacobs, DC, Julius, A, Kern, NS, Kerrigan, J, Kittiwisit, P, Kohn, SA, Kolopanis, M, Lanman, A, La Plante, P, Lekalake, T, Lewis, D, Liu, A, Ma, YZ, Macmahon, D, Malan, L, Malgas, C, Maree, M, Martinot, ZE, Matsetela, E, Mesinger, A, Mirocha, J, Molewa, M, Morales, MF, Mosiane, T, Munoz, JB, Murray, SG, Neben, AR, Nikolic, B, Nunhokee, CD, Parsons, AR, Patra, N, Pieterse, S, Pober, JC, Qin, Y, Razavi-Ghods, N, Reis, I, Ringuette, J, Robnett, J, Rosie, K, Santos, MG, Sikder, S, Sims, P, Smith, C, Syce, A, Thyagarajan, N, Williams, PKG & Zheng, H 2022, 'HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 924, no. 2, 51. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ffc

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title = "HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization",

abstract = "Recently, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) has produced the experiment's first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations at z ∼ 8 and 10. Here, we use several independent theoretical models to infer constraints on the intergalactic medium (IGM) and galaxies during the epoch of reionization from these limits. We find that the IGM must have been heated above the adiabatic-cooling threshold by z ∼ 8, independent of uncertainties about IGM ionization and the radio background. Combining HERA limits with complementary observations constrains the spin temperature of the z ∼ 8 neutral IGM to 27 K 630 K (2.3 K 640 K) at 68% (95%) confidence. They therefore also place a lower bound on X-ray heating, a previously unconstrained aspects of early galaxies. For example, if the cosmic microwave background dominates the z ∼ 8 radio background, the new HERA limits imply that the first galaxies produced X-rays more efficiently than local ones. The z ∼ 10 limits require even earlier heating if dark-matter interactions cool the hydrogen gas. If an extra radio background is produced by galaxies, we rule out (at 95% confidence) the combination of high radio and low X-ray luminosities of L r,ν /SFR > 4 × 1024 W Hz-1 yr and L X /SFR < 7.6 × 1039 erg s-1 yr. The new HERA upper limits neither support nor disfavor a cosmological interpretation of the recent Experiment to Detect the Global EOR Signature (EDGES) measurement. The framework described here provides a foundation for the interpretation of future HERA results.",

author = "Zara Abdurashidova and Aguirre, {James E.} and Paul Alexander and Ali, {Zaki S.} and Yanga Balfour and Rennan Barkana and Beardsley, {Adam P.} and Gianni Bernardi and Billings, {Tashalee S.} and Bowman, {Judd D.} and Bradley, {Richard F.} and Philip Bull and Jacob Burba and Steve Carey and Carilli, {Chris L.} and Carina Cheng and Deboer, {David R.} and Matt Dexter and {De Lera Acedo}, Eloy and Dillon, {Joshua S.} and John Ely and Aaron Ewall-Wice and Nicolas Fagnoni and Anastasia Fialkov and Randall Fritz and Furlanetto, {Steven R.} and Kingsley Gale-Sides and Brian Glendenning and Deepthi Gorthi and Bradley Greig and Jasper Grobbelaar and Ziyaad Halday and Hazelton, {Bryna J.} and Stefan Heimersheim and Hewitt, {Jacqueline N.} and Jack Hickish and Jacobs, {Daniel C.} and Austin Julius and Kern, {Nicholas S.} and Joshua Kerrigan and Piyanat Kittiwisit and Kohn, {Saul A.} and Matthew Kolopanis and Adam Lanman and {La Plante}, Paul and Telalo Lekalake and David Lewis and Adrian Liu and Ma, {Yin Zhe} and David Macmahon and Lourence Malan and Cresshim Malgas and Matthys Maree and Martinot, {Zachary E.} and Eunice Matsetela and Andrei Mesinger and Jordan Mirocha and Mathakane Molewa and Morales, {Miguel F.} and Tshegofalang Mosiane and Munoz, {Julian B.} and Murray, {Steven G.} and Neben, {Abraham R.} and Bojan Nikolic and Nunhokee, {Chuneeta D.} and Parsons, {Aaron R.} and Nipanjana Patra and Samantha Pieterse and Pober, {Jonathan C.} and Yuxiang Qin and Nima Razavi-Ghods and Itamar Reis and Jon Ringuette and James Robnett and Kathryn Rosie and Santos, {Mario G.} and Sudipta Sikder and Peter Sims and Craig Smith and Angelo Syce and Nithyanandan Thyagarajan and Williams, {Peter K.G.} and Haoxuan Zheng",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society..",

year = "2022",

month = jan,

day = "10",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ffc",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "924",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal

T2 - Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization

AU - Abdurashidova, Zara

AU - Aguirre, James E.

AU - Alexander, Paul

AU - Ali, Zaki S.

AU - Balfour, Yanga

AU - Barkana, Rennan

AU - Beardsley, Adam P.

AU - Bernardi, Gianni

AU - Billings, Tashalee S.

AU - Bowman, Judd D.

AU - Bradley, Richard F.

AU - Bull, Philip

AU - Burba, Jacob

AU - Carey, Steve

AU - Carilli, Chris L.

AU - Cheng, Carina

AU - Deboer, David R.

AU - Dexter, Matt

AU - De Lera Acedo, Eloy

AU - Dillon, Joshua S.

AU - Ely, John

AU - Ewall-Wice, Aaron

AU - Fagnoni, Nicolas

AU - Fialkov, Anastasia

AU - Fritz, Randall

AU - Furlanetto, Steven R.

AU - Gale-Sides, Kingsley

AU - Glendenning, Brian

AU - Gorthi, Deepthi

AU - Greig, Bradley

AU - Grobbelaar, Jasper

AU - Halday, Ziyaad

AU - Hazelton, Bryna J.

AU - Heimersheim, Stefan

AU - Hewitt, Jacqueline N.

AU - Hickish, Jack

AU - Jacobs, Daniel C.

AU - Julius, Austin

AU - Kern, Nicholas S.

AU - Kerrigan, Joshua

AU - Kittiwisit, Piyanat

AU - Kohn, Saul A.

AU - Kolopanis, Matthew

AU - Lanman, Adam

AU - La Plante, Paul

AU - Lekalake, Telalo

AU - Lewis, David

AU - Liu, Adrian

AU - Ma, Yin Zhe

AU - Macmahon, David

AU - Malan, Lourence

AU - Malgas, Cresshim

AU - Maree, Matthys

AU - Martinot, Zachary E.

AU - Matsetela, Eunice

AU - Mesinger, Andrei

AU - Mirocha, Jordan

AU - Molewa, Mathakane

AU - Morales, Miguel F.

AU - Mosiane, Tshegofalang

AU - Munoz, Julian B.

AU - Murray, Steven G.

AU - Neben, Abraham R.

AU - Nikolic, Bojan

AU - Nunhokee, Chuneeta D.

AU - Parsons, Aaron R.

AU - Patra, Nipanjana

AU - Pieterse, Samantha

AU - Pober, Jonathan C.

AU - Qin, Yuxiang

AU - Razavi-Ghods, Nima

AU - Reis, Itamar

AU - Ringuette, Jon

AU - Robnett, James

AU - Rosie, Kathryn

AU - Santos, Mario G.

AU - Sikder, Sudipta

AU - Sims, Peter

AU - Smith, Craig

AU - Syce, Angelo

AU - Thyagarajan, Nithyanandan

AU - Williams, Peter K.G.

AU - Zheng, Haoxuan

PY - 2022/1/10

Y1 - 2022/1/10

N2 - Recently, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) has produced the experiment's first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations at z ∼ 8 and 10. Here, we use several independent theoretical models to infer constraints on the intergalactic medium (IGM) and galaxies during the epoch of reionization from these limits. We find that the IGM must have been heated above the adiabatic-cooling threshold by z ∼ 8, independent of uncertainties about IGM ionization and the radio background. Combining HERA limits with complementary observations constrains the spin temperature of the z ∼ 8 neutral IGM to 27 K 630 K (2.3 K 640 K) at 68% (95%) confidence. They therefore also place a lower bound on X-ray heating, a previously unconstrained aspects of early galaxies. For example, if the cosmic microwave background dominates the z ∼ 8 radio background, the new HERA limits imply that the first galaxies produced X-rays more efficiently than local ones. The z ∼ 10 limits require even earlier heating if dark-matter interactions cool the hydrogen gas. If an extra radio background is produced by galaxies, we rule out (at 95% confidence) the combination of high radio and low X-ray luminosities of L r,ν /SFR > 4 × 1024 W Hz-1 yr and L X /SFR < 7.6 × 1039 erg s-1 yr. The new HERA upper limits neither support nor disfavor a cosmological interpretation of the recent Experiment to Detect the Global EOR Signature (EDGES) measurement. The framework described here provides a foundation for the interpretation of future HERA results.

AB - Recently, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) has produced the experiment's first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations at z ∼ 8 and 10. Here, we use several independent theoretical models to infer constraints on the intergalactic medium (IGM) and galaxies during the epoch of reionization from these limits. We find that the IGM must have been heated above the adiabatic-cooling threshold by z ∼ 8, independent of uncertainties about IGM ionization and the radio background. Combining HERA limits with complementary observations constrains the spin temperature of the z ∼ 8 neutral IGM to 27 K 630 K (2.3 K 640 K) at 68% (95%) confidence. They therefore also place a lower bound on X-ray heating, a previously unconstrained aspects of early galaxies. For example, if the cosmic microwave background dominates the z ∼ 8 radio background, the new HERA limits imply that the first galaxies produced X-rays more efficiently than local ones. The z ∼ 10 limits require even earlier heating if dark-matter interactions cool the hydrogen gas. If an extra radio background is produced by galaxies, we rule out (at 95% confidence) the combination of high radio and low X-ray luminosities of L r,ν /SFR > 4 × 1024 W Hz-1 yr and L X /SFR < 7.6 × 1039 erg s-1 yr. The new HERA upper limits neither support nor disfavor a cosmological interpretation of the recent Experiment to Detect the Global EOR Signature (EDGES) measurement. The framework described here provides a foundation for the interpretation of future HERA results.

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ER -

HERA Phase i Limits on the Cosmic 21 cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology during the Epoch of Reionization

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