Fractional Conductance Quantization in Metallic Nanoconstrictions under Electrochemical Potential Control

We study the electrical conductance of gold nanoconstrictions by controlling the electrochemical potential. At positive potentials, the conductance is quantized near integer multiples of G₀(2e²/h) as shown by well-defined peaks in the conductance histogram. Below a certain potential, however, additional peaks near 0.5G₀ and 1.5G₀ appear in the histogram. The fractional conductance steps are as stable and well defined as the integer steps. The experimental data are discussed in terms of electrochemical-potential-induced defect scattering and Fermi energy shift, but a complete theory of the phenomenon is yet to be developed.