TY - JOUR
T1 - Far-red radiation and photosynthetic photon flux density independently regulate seedling growth but interactively regulate flowering
AU - Park, Yujin
AU - Runkle, Erik S.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by Osram Opto Semiconductors ; the USDA-ARS Floriculture and Nursery Research Initiative ; the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture , Hatch project 192266; Michigan State University’s (MSU) AgBioResearch and Project GREEEN ; and horticulture companies supportive of MSU floriculture research . We thank C. Raker & Sons for donation of plant material, Nate DuRussel for technical assistance, and Dr. Sean Weise for advice on chlorophyll measurement. We thank Dr. Sasha Kravchenko (Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, MSU) and Statistical Consulting Center (CANR Biometry Group, MSU) for statistical advice. We also thank Qingwu Meng (Department of Horticulture, MSU), Dr. Thomas Sharkey (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MSU), and Dr. Bert Cregg (Department of Horticulture, MSU) for valuable comments.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2018/11
Y1 - 2018/11
N2 - Shade-avoidance responses can be triggered by a decrease in the red (R, 600–700 nm) to far-red (FR, 700–800 nm) radiation ratio, by a decrease in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), or both. The effects of decreased PPFD on plant responses are often confounded with the effects of reduced blue (B, 400–500 nm) photon flux density, which is another signaling factor for shade-avoidance responses. We postulated that PPFD would not influence R:FR-mediated shade-avoidance responses if B photon flux density was constant. We grew seedlings of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), and coleus (Solenostemon scutellariodes) under three R:FR (1:0, 2:1, and 1:1) at two PPFDs (96 and 288 μmol m–2 s–1), all with a B photon flux density of 32 μmol m–2 s–1. As R:FR decreased, stem length in all species increased. Decreasing R:FR increased individual leaf area of petunia, and shoot dry weight of petunia and coleus. Increasing PPFD decreased chlorophyll concentration and increased leaf mass per area, net CO2 assimilation, whole-plant net assimilation, and dry weight in at least two species, independent of R:FR. In petunia, a long day plant, decreasing R:FR promoted subsequent flowering at both PPFDs, but to a greater extent under the lower PPFD. In day-neutral geranium, the addition of FR had no effect on flowering, irrespective of PPFD. We conclude that with a constant B photon flux density, decreases in R:FR promote stem elongation and leaf expansion, and subsequent dry mass accumulation, independent of PPFD. However, for flowering of long-day plant petunia, the promotive effect of low R:FR is greater under lower PPFD.
AB - Shade-avoidance responses can be triggered by a decrease in the red (R, 600–700 nm) to far-red (FR, 700–800 nm) radiation ratio, by a decrease in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), or both. The effects of decreased PPFD on plant responses are often confounded with the effects of reduced blue (B, 400–500 nm) photon flux density, which is another signaling factor for shade-avoidance responses. We postulated that PPFD would not influence R:FR-mediated shade-avoidance responses if B photon flux density was constant. We grew seedlings of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), and coleus (Solenostemon scutellariodes) under three R:FR (1:0, 2:1, and 1:1) at two PPFDs (96 and 288 μmol m–2 s–1), all with a B photon flux density of 32 μmol m–2 s–1. As R:FR decreased, stem length in all species increased. Decreasing R:FR increased individual leaf area of petunia, and shoot dry weight of petunia and coleus. Increasing PPFD decreased chlorophyll concentration and increased leaf mass per area, net CO2 assimilation, whole-plant net assimilation, and dry weight in at least two species, independent of R:FR. In petunia, a long day plant, decreasing R:FR promoted subsequent flowering at both PPFDs, but to a greater extent under the lower PPFD. In day-neutral geranium, the addition of FR had no effect on flowering, irrespective of PPFD. We conclude that with a constant B photon flux density, decreases in R:FR promote stem elongation and leaf expansion, and subsequent dry mass accumulation, independent of PPFD. However, for flowering of long-day plant petunia, the promotive effect of low R:FR is greater under lower PPFD.
KW - Far-red radiation
KW - Photosynthetic photon flux density
KW - Phytochrome
KW - Red to far-red ratio
KW - Shade-avoidance
KW - Sole-source lighting
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U2 - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.033
DO - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.033
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85049605167
SN - 0098-8472
VL - 155
SP - 206
EP - 216
JO - Environmental and Experimental Botany
JF - Environmental and Experimental Botany
ER -