TY - JOUR
T1 - Factors Associated With Highest Symptoms of Anxiety During COVID-19
T2 - Cross-Cultural Study of 23 Countries
AU - Burkova, Valentina N.
AU - Butovskaya, Marina L.
AU - Randall, Ashley K.
AU - Fedenok, Julija N.
AU - Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh
AU - Alghraibeh, Ahmad M.
AU - Allami, Fathil Bakir Mutsher
AU - Alpaslan, Fadime Suata
AU - Al-Zu’bi, Mohammad Ahmad Abdelaziz
AU - Al-Mseidin, Kholoud Imhammad Meqbel
AU - Biçer, Derya Fatma
AU - Cetinkaya, Hakan
AU - David, Oana Alexandra
AU - Donato, Silvia
AU - Dural, Seda
AU - Erickson, Paige
AU - Ermakov, Alexey M.
AU - Ertuğrul, Berna
AU - Fayankinnu, Emmanuel Abiodun
AU - Fisher, Maryanne L.
AU - Al Gharaibeh, Fakir
AU - Hocker, Lauren
AU - Hromatko, Ivana
AU - Kasparova, Elena
AU - Kavina, Alexander
AU - Khatatbeh, Yahya M.
AU - Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol
AU - Kline, Kai M.
AU - Koç, Fırat
AU - Kolodkin, Vladimir
AU - MacEacheron, Melanie
AU - Maruf, Irma Rachmawati
AU - Meskó, Norbert
AU - Mkrtchyan, Ruzan
AU - Nurisnaeny, Poppy Setiawati
AU - Ojedokun, Oluyinka
AU - Adebayo, Damilola
AU - Omar-Fauzee, Mohd S.B.
AU - Özener, Barıs
AU - Ponciano, Edna Lúcia Tinoco
AU - Rizwan, Muhammad
AU - Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka
AU - Spodina, Victoriya I.
AU - Stoyanova, Stanislava
AU - Tripathi, Nachiketa
AU - Upadhyay, Satwik
AU - Weisfeld, Carol
AU - Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd
AU - Yusof, Mat Rahimi
AU - Zinurova, Raushaniia I.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2022 Burkova, Butovskaya, Randall, Fedenok, Ahmadi, Alghraibeh, Allami, Alpaslan, Al-Zu’bi, Al-Mseidin, Biçer, Cetinkaya, David, Donato, Dural, Erickson, Ermakov, Ertuğrul, Fayankinnu, Fisher, Al Gharaibeh, Hocker, Hromatko, Kasparova, Kavina, Khatatbeh, Khun-Inkeeree, Kline, Koç, Kolodkin, MacEacheron, Maruf, Meskó, Mkrtchyan, Nurisnaeny, Ojedokun, Adebayo, Omar-Fauzee, Özener, Ponciano, Rizwan, Sabiniewicz, Spodina, Stoyanova, Tripathi, Upadhyay, Weisfeld, Yaakob, Yusof and Zinurova.
PY - 2022/5/19
Y1 - 2022/5/19
N2 - The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people’s lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was collected from May to August 2020 (5 June 2020). The sample included 15,375 participants from 23 countries: (seven from Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia; 11 from West, South and Southeast Asia: Armenia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey; two African: Nigeria and Tanzania; and three from North, South, and Central America: Brazil, Canada, United States). Level of anxiety was measured by means of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 20-item first part of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)—State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Respondents were also asked about their personal experiences with COVID-19, attitudes toward measures introduced by governments, changes in attitudes toward migrants during a pandemic, family income, isolation conditions, etc. The factor analysis revealed that four factors explained 45.08% of variance in increase of anxiety, and these components were interpreted as follows: (1) personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, (2) personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, (3) personal trust in official sources, (4) personal experience with COVID-19. Three out of four factors demonstrated strong associations with both scales of anxiety: high level of anxiety was significantly correlated with high level of personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, low level of personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, and high level of presence of personal experience with COVID-19. Our study revealed significant main effects of sex, country, and all four factors on the level of anxiety. It was demonstrated that countries with higher levels of anxiety assessed the real danger of a pandemic as higher, and had more personal experience with COVID-19. Respondents who trusted the government demonstrated lower levels of anxiety. Finally, foreigners were perceived as the cause of epidemic spread.
AB - The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people’s lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was collected from May to August 2020 (5 June 2020). The sample included 15,375 participants from 23 countries: (seven from Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia; 11 from West, South and Southeast Asia: Armenia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey; two African: Nigeria and Tanzania; and three from North, South, and Central America: Brazil, Canada, United States). Level of anxiety was measured by means of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 20-item first part of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)—State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Respondents were also asked about their personal experiences with COVID-19, attitudes toward measures introduced by governments, changes in attitudes toward migrants during a pandemic, family income, isolation conditions, etc. The factor analysis revealed that four factors explained 45.08% of variance in increase of anxiety, and these components were interpreted as follows: (1) personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, (2) personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, (3) personal trust in official sources, (4) personal experience with COVID-19. Three out of four factors demonstrated strong associations with both scales of anxiety: high level of anxiety was significantly correlated with high level of personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, low level of personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, and high level of presence of personal experience with COVID-19. Our study revealed significant main effects of sex, country, and all four factors on the level of anxiety. It was demonstrated that countries with higher levels of anxiety assessed the real danger of a pandemic as higher, and had more personal experience with COVID-19. Respondents who trusted the government demonstrated lower levels of anxiety. Finally, foreigners were perceived as the cause of epidemic spread.
KW - COVID-19
KW - anxiety
KW - cross-cultural
KW - personal awareness
KW - personal experience
KW - personal trust in official sources
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131752587&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85131752587&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805586
DO - 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805586
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85131752587
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 13
JO - Frontiers in Psychology
JF - Frontiers in Psychology
M1 - 805586
ER -