Evaluating simulated visible greenness in urban landscapes: An examination of a midsize U.S. city

Urban greenness is critical in evaluating urban environmental and living conditions, significantly affecting human well-being and house prices. Unfortunately, satellite imagery from a bird-eye view does not fully capture urban greenness from a human-centered perspective, while human-perceived greenness from street-view images heavily relies on road networks and vehicle accessibility. In recent years, scholars started to explore greenness measurements from a simulative perspective, among which the simulation of the Viewshed Greenness Visibility Index (VGVI) received wide attention. However, the simulated VGVI lacks a comprehensive assessment. To fill this gap, we designed a field experiment in Fayetteville, Arkansas, by collecting 360-degree panoramas in different local climate zones. Further, we segmented these panoramas via the state-of-the-art DeeplabV2 neural network to obtain the Panoramic Greenness Visibility Index (PGVI), which served as the ground-truthing human-perceived greenness. We assessed the performance of VGVI by comparing it with PGVI calculated from field-collected panoramas. The results showed that, despite the disparity of performance in different local climate zones, VGVI highly correlates to the PGVI, indicating its great potential for various domains that favor urban human-perceived greenness exposure.