TY - JOUR
T1 - Deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen conjugates in sewage and wastewater treatment plant
T2 - New insights from model prediction and on-site investigations
AU - Zhang, Jun
AU - Liu, Ze hua
AU - Wu, Jia le
AU - Ding, Yu ting
AU - Ma, Qing guang
AU - Hayat, Waseem
AU - Liu, Yun
AU - Wang, Peng jie
AU - Dang, Zhi
AU - Rittmann, Bruce
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2024/5/20
Y1 - 2024/5/20
N2 - Natural estrogen conjugates play important roles in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), but their deconjugation potentials are poorly understood. This work is the first to investigate the relationships between the enzyme activities of arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase and deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen conjugates. This work led to three important findings. First, the enzyme activity of β-glucuronidase in sewage is far higher than that of arylsulfatase, while their corresponding activities in activated sludge were similar. Second, a model based on β-glucuronidase could successfully predict the deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen glucuronide conjugates in sewage. Third, the enzyme activity of arylsulfatase in sewage was too low to lead to evident deconjugation of sulfate conjugates, which means that the deconjugation rate of estrogen sulfates can be regarded as zero. By comparing their theoretical removal based on enzyme activity and on-site investigation, it is reasonable to conclude that reverse deconjugation of estrogen conjugates (i.e., conjugation of natural estrogens to form conjugated estrogens) likely exist in WWTP, which explains well why natural estrogen conjugates cannot be effectively removed in WWTP. Meanwhile, this work provides new insights how to improve the removal performance of WWTP on natural estrogen conjugates. Synopsis: This work is the first to show how arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase could affect deconjugation of natural estrogen conjugates and possible way to enhance their removal in wastewater treatment plant.
AB - Natural estrogen conjugates play important roles in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), but their deconjugation potentials are poorly understood. This work is the first to investigate the relationships between the enzyme activities of arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase and deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen conjugates. This work led to three important findings. First, the enzyme activity of β-glucuronidase in sewage is far higher than that of arylsulfatase, while their corresponding activities in activated sludge were similar. Second, a model based on β-glucuronidase could successfully predict the deconjugation potentials of natural estrogen glucuronide conjugates in sewage. Third, the enzyme activity of arylsulfatase in sewage was too low to lead to evident deconjugation of sulfate conjugates, which means that the deconjugation rate of estrogen sulfates can be regarded as zero. By comparing their theoretical removal based on enzyme activity and on-site investigation, it is reasonable to conclude that reverse deconjugation of estrogen conjugates (i.e., conjugation of natural estrogens to form conjugated estrogens) likely exist in WWTP, which explains well why natural estrogen conjugates cannot be effectively removed in WWTP. Meanwhile, this work provides new insights how to improve the removal performance of WWTP on natural estrogen conjugates. Synopsis: This work is the first to show how arylsulfatase/β-glucuronidase could affect deconjugation of natural estrogen conjugates and possible way to enhance their removal in wastewater treatment plant.
KW - Arylsulfatase
KW - Deconjugation potential
KW - Natural estrogen conjugates
KW - Sewage
KW - Wastewater treatment plant
KW - β-Glucuronidase
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85189520631&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85189520631&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172071
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172071
M3 - Article
C2 - 38554960
AN - SCOPUS:85189520631
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 926
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 172071
ER -