TY - JOUR
T1 - Corrosion of novel reactive silver ink and commercial silver-based metallizations in diluted acetic acid
AU - Jeffries, April M.
AU - Nietzold, Tara
AU - Schelhas, Laura T.
AU - Bertoni, Mariana I.
N1 - Funding Information:
The work presented herein was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program, under Award Number DE-EE0008166. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. L.T.S. was supported by funding provided as part of the Durable Modules Materials Consortium (DuraMAT), an Energy Materials Network Consortium funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office agreement number 302509. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
Funding Information:
The work presented herein was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program , under Award Number DE-EE0008166 . Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 . L.T.S. was supported by funding provided as part of the Durable Modules Materials Consortium (DuraMAT) , an Energy Materials Network Consortium funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office agreement number 302509 . The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2021/5
Y1 - 2021/5
N2 - Silver-based metallizations in photovoltaic modules are susceptible to corrosion by acetic acid generated in ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulated modules, resulting in power losses over time. Here, three silver-based metallizations are exposed to diluted acetic acid, in concentrations representative of that found in field-exposed modules. Compositional, morphological, and structural changes of the metallizations are studied over 3000 h of exposure to diluted acetic acid using Raman spectroscopy mapping, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The three metallizations studied are: 1) a commercial high-temperature fire-through Ag paste, commonly used for Si diffused junction solar cells; 2) a commercial low-temperature paste normally used for silicon heterojunction cells; and 3) a novel low-temperature reactive silver ink shown to be suitable for photovoltaic applications. We find distinct corrosion rates for the high-temperature silver paste and reactive silver ink in the presence of diluted acetic acid. On the other hand, the low-temperature silver paste appears to be more corrosion resistant, likely due to a polymer layer that protects the silver particles.
AB - Silver-based metallizations in photovoltaic modules are susceptible to corrosion by acetic acid generated in ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulated modules, resulting in power losses over time. Here, three silver-based metallizations are exposed to diluted acetic acid, in concentrations representative of that found in field-exposed modules. Compositional, morphological, and structural changes of the metallizations are studied over 3000 h of exposure to diluted acetic acid using Raman spectroscopy mapping, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The three metallizations studied are: 1) a commercial high-temperature fire-through Ag paste, commonly used for Si diffused junction solar cells; 2) a commercial low-temperature paste normally used for silicon heterojunction cells; and 3) a novel low-temperature reactive silver ink shown to be suitable for photovoltaic applications. We find distinct corrosion rates for the high-temperature silver paste and reactive silver ink in the presence of diluted acetic acid. On the other hand, the low-temperature silver paste appears to be more corrosion resistant, likely due to a polymer layer that protects the silver particles.
KW - Cell degradation
KW - Corrosion pathways
KW - Metallization
KW - Silver reactive inks
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U2 - 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110900
DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110900
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85099339450
SN - 0927-0248
VL - 223
JO - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
JF - Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
M1 - 110900
ER -