TY - JOUR
T1 - Children’s Ethnic–Racial Identity and Mothers’ Cultural Socialization as Protective in Relations Between Sociocultural Risk Factors and Children’s Internalizing Behaviors
AU - Williams, Chelsea D.
AU - Bell, Ashlynn D.
AU - DeLaney, Eryn N.
AU - Umaña-Taylor, Adriana J.
AU - Jahromi, Laudan B.
AU - Updegraff, Kimberly A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 American Psychological Association
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Objectives: The present study examined whether sociocultural risk factors (i.e., mothers’ risky behaviors, mothers’ and grandmothers’ ethnic discrimination, and family economic hardship) predicted children’s internalizing behaviors. We also tested whether sociocultural protective factors, including children’s positive ethnic–racial identity (ERI) attitudes and mothers’ cultural socialization, moderated relations. Method: Participants were 182 5-year-old Mexican-origin children, their mothers, and grandmothers. Results: Findings indicated that children’s positive ERI attitudes were protective, such that grandmothers’ discrimination predicted children’s greater internalizing at low levels of children’s positive ERI attitudes, but this relation was not significant at high levels of children’s positive ERI attitudes. Mothers’ cultural socialization was also protective, such that mothers’ risky behaviors predicted children’s greater internalizing at low levels of mothers’ cultural socialization, but this relation was not significant at high levels of mothers’ cultural socialization. Economic hardship predicted children’s greater internalizing and no variables moderated this relation. Conclusions: Findings highlight that mothers’ engagement in risky behaviors, grandmothers’ ethnic discrimination experiences, and family economic hardship contribute to children’s greater internalizing behaviors. However, in some of these relations, children’s positive ERI attitudes and mothers’ cultural socialization are protective. In future research and programming, a consideration of the role of individual, family, and cultural factors will be important for addressing and reducing children’s internalizing behaviors.
AB - Objectives: The present study examined whether sociocultural risk factors (i.e., mothers’ risky behaviors, mothers’ and grandmothers’ ethnic discrimination, and family economic hardship) predicted children’s internalizing behaviors. We also tested whether sociocultural protective factors, including children’s positive ethnic–racial identity (ERI) attitudes and mothers’ cultural socialization, moderated relations. Method: Participants were 182 5-year-old Mexican-origin children, their mothers, and grandmothers. Results: Findings indicated that children’s positive ERI attitudes were protective, such that grandmothers’ discrimination predicted children’s greater internalizing at low levels of children’s positive ERI attitudes, but this relation was not significant at high levels of children’s positive ERI attitudes. Mothers’ cultural socialization was also protective, such that mothers’ risky behaviors predicted children’s greater internalizing at low levels of mothers’ cultural socialization, but this relation was not significant at high levels of mothers’ cultural socialization. Economic hardship predicted children’s greater internalizing and no variables moderated this relation. Conclusions: Findings highlight that mothers’ engagement in risky behaviors, grandmothers’ ethnic discrimination experiences, and family economic hardship contribute to children’s greater internalizing behaviors. However, in some of these relations, children’s positive ERI attitudes and mothers’ cultural socialization are protective. In future research and programming, a consideration of the role of individual, family, and cultural factors will be important for addressing and reducing children’s internalizing behaviors.
KW - ethnic/racial discrimination
KW - ethnic/racial/cultural socialization
KW - ethnic/racial/ethnic–racial identity
KW - family risk
KW - internalizing behaviors/problems
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85172739900&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85172739900&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1037/cdp0000619
DO - 10.1037/cdp0000619
M3 - Article
C2 - 37589682
AN - SCOPUS:85172739900
SN - 1099-9809
VL - 29
SP - 459
EP - 470
JO - Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
JF - Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
IS - 4
ER -