Causal mediation of urban temperature by geopotential height in U.S. cities

Excessive warming is the source of many environmental challenges in urban areas. Finding causal interactions between urban ambient temperature and other meteorological variables will greatly facilitate our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of urban heat. In this study, we use the data of 2-m air temperature and 500 hPa geopotential height (GPH) in 520 cities in the contiguous United States (CONUS), from 2016 to 2022, to detect their local and nonlocal causal interactions based on the convergent cross-mapping method. For local (within the same city) interactions between temperature and GPH, there are hubs of strong causal interactions in the northern Appalachian Mountain and inland southwestern CONUS, whereas the leeward side of the southern Rocky Mountains exhibit low causation due to the baroclinic in this area. The nonlocal causal networks exhibit potential long-range connections (teleconnections), largely attributable to the influence of the upstream and downstream westerly circulations on local atmospheric variables. This study can be informative to stakeholders in design sustainable countermeasures to mitigate excessive heat in urban areas.