TY - JOUR
T1 - Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens
AU - Spribille, Toby
AU - Tuovinen, Veera
AU - Resl, Philipp
AU - Vanderpool, Dan
AU - Wolinski, Heimo
AU - Aime, M. Catherine
AU - Schneider, Kevin
AU - Stabentheiner, Edith
AU - Toome-Heller, Merje
AU - Thor, Göran
AU - Mayrhofer, Helmut
AU - Johannesson, Hanna
AU - McCutcheon, John P.
N1 - Funding Information:
This project was supported by an incubation grant from the University of Montana to J.P.M. and T.S.; by an Austrian Science Fund grant (P25237) to T.S., H.M., and P.R.; by NSF (IOS-1256680, IOS-1553529, and EPSCoR award NSF-IIA-1443108) and NASA Astrobiology Institute (NNA15BB04A) grants to J.P.M.; by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-1313190) to D.V.; by a grant from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Council for Ph.D. Education (2014.3.2.5-5149) to V.T.; and by a grant (DO2011-0022) from Stiftelsen Oscar och Lili Lamms minne to G.T. Specimens from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, were collected with the support of the U.S. National Park Service as part of CESU (Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units) project P11AC90513. We thank D. Armaleo and F. Lutzoni of Duke University for allowing us to use unpublished data from the Cladonia grayi proteome, as well as P. Dyer, P. Crittenden, and D. Archer (University of Nottingham, UK) for access to unpublished data from the Xanthoria parietina genome project, which is conducted together with the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231). We thank T. Goward, M. Grube, P. Lukasik, J. T. Van Leuven, F. Fernández-Mendoza, A. Millanes, V. Wagner, and M. Wedin for discussions and L. Bergström, C. Gueidan, J. Hermansson, H. Holien, B. Kanz, E. Lagostina, S. Leavitt, B. McCune, J. Nascimbene, C. Printzen, T. Wheeler, and D. Winston for field support and fresh material. C. Björk, S. Gunnarsson, L. Herritt, M. Hiltunen, W. Obermayer, A. de los Ríos, and E. Timdal provided technical help, advice, and photos. We acknowledge the Purdue University Genomic Core Facility for generating transcriptomic data for Cystobasidium minutum and the Institute of Molecular Biosciences-Graz Microscopy Core Facility and S. Kohlwein for providing infrastructural support for imaging. Data are available under accession numbers SRP076577 and SRP073687 in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (transcriptomes), NCBI nucleotide accession numbers KU948728 to KU948928 (single-locus DNA sequences), and the Dryad digital repository at http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7qv72 (alignments, scripts, and tree files).
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright 2016 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved.
PY - 2016/7/29
Y1 - 2016/7/29
N2 - For over 140 years, lichens have been regarded as a symbiosis between a single fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthesizing partner. Other fungi have long been known to occur as occasional parasites or endophytes, but the one lichen-one fungus paradigm has seldom been questioned. Here we show that many common lichens are composed of the known ascomycete, the photosynthesizing partner, and, unexpectedly, specific basidiomycete yeasts. These yeasts are embedded in the cortex, and their abundance correlates with previously unexplained variations in phenotype. Basidiomycete lineages maintain close associations with specific lichen species over large geographical distances and have been found on six continents. The structurally important lichen cortex, long treated as a zone of differentiated ascomycete cells, appears to consistently contain two unrelated fungi.
AB - For over 140 years, lichens have been regarded as a symbiosis between a single fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthesizing partner. Other fungi have long been known to occur as occasional parasites or endophytes, but the one lichen-one fungus paradigm has seldom been questioned. Here we show that many common lichens are composed of the known ascomycete, the photosynthesizing partner, and, unexpectedly, specific basidiomycete yeasts. These yeasts are embedded in the cortex, and their abundance correlates with previously unexplained variations in phenotype. Basidiomycete lineages maintain close associations with specific lichen species over large geographical distances and have been found on six continents. The structurally important lichen cortex, long treated as a zone of differentiated ascomycete cells, appears to consistently contain two unrelated fungi.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84979988153&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84979988153&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1126/science.aaf8287
DO - 10.1126/science.aaf8287
M3 - Article
C2 - 27445309
AN - SCOPUS:84979988153
SN - 0036-8075
VL - 353
SP - 488
EP - 492
JO - Science
JF - Science
IS - 6298
ER -