Acid–Base Properties of Oxides Derived from Oxide Melt Solution Calorimetry

The paper analyzes the relationships among acid–base interactions in various oxide systems and their thermodynamics. Extensive data on enthalpies of solution of binary oxides in oxide melts of several compositions, obtained by high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry at 700 and 800 °C, are systematized and analyzed. Oxides with low electronegativity, namely the alkali and alkaline earth oxides, which are strong oxide ion donors, show enthalpies of solution that have negative values greater than −100 kJ per mole of oxide ion. Their enthalpies of solution become more negative with decreasing electronegativity in the order Li, Na, K and Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba in both of the commonly used molten oxide calorimetric solvents: sodium molybdate and lead borate. Oxides with high electronegativity, including P₂O₅, SiO₂, GeO₂, and other acidic oxides, dissolve more exothermically in the less acidic solvent (lead borate). The remaining oxides, with intermediate electronegativity (amphoteric oxides) have enthalpies of solution of between +50 and −100 kJ/mol, with many close to zero. More limited data for the enthalpies of solution of oxides in multicomponent aluminosilicate melts at higher temperature are also discussed. Overall, the ionic model combined with the Lux–Flood description of acid–base reactions provide a consistent and useful interpretation of the data and their application for understanding the thermodynamic stability of ternary oxide systems in solid and liquid states.