@article{678c3981978a4322928ea16d9d90ba39,
title = "Ultrafast nonthermal heating of water initiated by an X-ray Free-Electron Laser",
abstract = "The bright ultrafast pulses of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers allow investigation into the structure of matter under extreme conditions. We have used single pulses to ionize and probe water as it undergoes a phase transition from liquid to plasma. We report changes in the structure of liquid water on a femtosecond time scale when irradiated by single 6.86 keV X-ray pulses of more than 106 J/cm2. These observations are supported by simulations based on molecular dynamics and plasma dynamics of a water system that is rapidly ionized and driven out of equilibrium. This exotic ionic and disordered state with the density of a liquid is suggested to be structurally different from a neutral thermally disordered state.",
keywords = "Molecular dynamics, Non-local thermodynamics equilibrium, Serial Femtosecond Crystallography, Ultrafast phase transition, X-ray Free-Electron Laser",
author = "Beyerlein, {Kenneth R.} and J{\"o}nsson, {H. Olof} and Roberto Alonso-Mori and Andrew Aquila and Sa{\v s}a Bajt and Anton Barty and Richard Bean and Koglin, {Jason E.} and Marc Messerschmidt and Davide Ragazzon and Dimosthenis Sokaras and Williams, {Garth J.} and Stefan Hau-Riege and S{\'e}bastien Boutet and Chapman, {Henry N.} and Nicu{\c s}or T{\^i}mneanu and Carl Caleman",
note = "Funding Information: L764. We thank the Swedish Research Foundation for Strategic Research, the Swedish Research Council (Grant 2013–3940), the Swedish Research Council via the R{\"o}ntgen-{\AA}ngstr{\"o}m Cluster, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), the Carl Trygger Foundation, and the Helmholtz Association through the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron. Use of the LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The sample injector mechanical system used at LCLS for thisresearchwasfundedbyNationalInstitutesofHealthGrantP41GM103393, formerly Grant P41RR001209. This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The computations were performed on resources provided by Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC)throughUppsalaMultidisciplinaryCenterforAdvancedComputational Science (UPPMAX) under Projects p2012227 and p2013175. Funding Information: We thank Michael Krumrey (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB) for postexperiment characterization of the filters and Jonas Sellberg for helpful discussions. We also thank Thomas R. M. Barends, Sabine Botha, R. Bruce Doak, Lutz Foucar, Stephan Kassemeyer, Karol Nass, Robert L. Shoeman, and Ilme Schlichting for their input on previous versions of the manuscript and collaboration in the framework of the experiment L764. We thank the Swedish Research Foundation for Strategic Research, the Swedish Research Council (Grant 2013–3940), the Swedish Research Council via the R{\"o}ntgen-{\AA}ngstr{\"o}m Cluster, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), the Carl Trygger Foundation, and the Helmholtz Association through the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron. Use of the LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The sample injector mechanical system used at LCLS for this research was funded by National Institutes of Health Grant P41GM103393, formerly Grant P41RR001209. This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The computations were performed on resources provided by Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Projects p2012227 and p2013175. Funding Information: We thank Michael Krumrey (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB) for postexperiment characterization of the filters and Jonas Sellberg for helpful discussions. We also thank Thomas R. M. Barends, Sabine Botha, R. Bruce Doak, Lutz Foucar, Stephan Kassemeyer, Karol Nass, Robert L. Shoeman, and Ilme Schlichting for their input on previous versions of the manuscript and collaboration in the framework of the experiment L764. We thank the Swedish Research Foundation for Strategic Research, the Swedish Research Council (Grant 2013?3940), the Swedish Research Council via the R?ntgen-?ngstr?m Cluster, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), the Carl Trygger Foundation, and the Helmholtz Association through the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron. Use of the LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The sample injector mechanical system used at LCLS for this research was funded by National Institutes of Health Grant P41GM103393, formerly Grant P41RR001209. This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The computations were performed on resources provided by Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Projects p2012227 and p2013175. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, The Institute of Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved.",
year = "2018",
month = may,
day = "29",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.1711220115",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "115",
pages = "5652--5657",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "National Academy of Sciences",
number = "22",
}