The effectiveness of Duolingo in developing receptive and productive language knowledge and proficiency

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Duolingo's Spanish course for English speakers over a three-month period for independent learners (n = 48). We examined learning outcomes in general proficiency, reading, writing, listening, speaking, vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. We also explored the relationship between learner usage, experience factors, and self-reported experiences using the app. After about 27 hours of study, participants significantly improved in all receptive and productive ability measures, supporting the notion that language learning apps can enhance a range of language skills. Session completion, accuracy rate, and positive user experience were linked to this observed growth.