@inproceedings{4b7706e8faa2413faafe41d44252e3ed,
title = "PV Module Toxicity Testing Methods and Results: A Literature Review",
abstract = "Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules may contain a variety of toxic elements in the electrical contact and/or semiconductor material that could pose environmental and health risks during end-of-life management. This paper provides an overview of the literature related to toxicity testing methodologies, standards and experimental results. It covers various topics including: number and scope of publications available in the toxicity related areas; identification of toxic elements present in silicon-based modules and thin film modules; toxicity testing standards/protocols currently required/used in various countries/jurisdictions; size and location of particles removed from modules to create samples for toxicity testing; particle cutting methodologies used by various industry stakeholders/researchers; leach testing results; and a new international standard for sampling modules for toxicity testing.",
keywords = "cadmium, leaching test, lead, PV module, TCLP, toxicity, WET",
author = "F. Li and S. Shaw and C. Libby and B. Bicer and G. Tamizhmani",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 IEEE.; 49th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, PVSC 2022 ; Conference date: 05-06-2022 Through 10-06-2022",
year = "2022",
doi = "10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938893",
language = "English (US)",
series = "Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
pages = "879--882",
booktitle = "2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, PVSC 2022",
}