Genetics and regeneration in vertebrates

Regeneration is a common trait in vertebrates, with regrowth of entire appendages carried out by a number of groups including teleost fish, amphibians, and squamate reptiles. While humans are also vertebrates, we have very limited ability to regenerate as adults. Cellular and molecular studies in zebrafish, Xenopus frog, axolotl, and green anole lizard model systems have identified components of genetic programs for regeneration that include both developmental and adult repair mechanisms shared with mammals. Regeneration in vertebrates involves the genetic regulation of wound epithelium formation, modulation of the immune response, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, patterning of the regrowing appendage, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling pathways. By understanding the mechanisms by which vertebrates are able to regenerate their appendages, we can translate these processes to develop clinically relevant regenerative therapies.