Desalination of complex saline waters: sulfonated pentablock copolymer pervaporation membranes do not fail when exposed to scalants and surfactants

As a vapor pressure-driven process, pervaporation (PV) shares several of the advantages of membrane distillation (MD), such as the ability to tackle high salinity waters and the possibility of integrating low grade heat sources to reduce energy consumption. Membrane scaling and pore wetting remain strong limitations to the implementation of MD desalination. In comparison, dense, non-porous PV membranes are considered. In this study, PV membranes made from NEXAR^TM, a sulfonated pentablock copolymer, were evaluated and compared to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) MD membranes in a vacuum configuration. The membranes were tested using three solutions: 32 g L^-1 sodium chloride (NaCl), a brackish water (8.4 g L^-1) of high scaling potential, and 5.5 g L^-1 NaCl with 1 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. The NEXAR^TM membrane achieved a permeance of 93.1±44.6 kg m^-2 h^-1 bar^-1 for the 32 g L^-1 brine, which was almost 20% higher than the PTFE MD membrane. This permeance decreased in the presence of foulants; however, in contrast with the MD membrane, where scaling and surfactants induced pore wetting, the salt rejection for the NEXAR^TM PV membrane was constant at >99% for all water types. These results emphasize the robustness of PV as a process to deal with challenging saline waters.